?????? ??????

????????????? ???? ??????????????
?????? ??????
????. ? Robert Betts Laughlin
????? ? ????????? 1 , 1950 ( 1950-11-01 ) [1] [2] (73 ???????)
????????
???????????????   ???
??????????????? ??????? , ??????????? ??????? , ?? ????????????? ???? ? ??????????
?????????????(???) ????????? ?????????? , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ? ? ????? ???????????
?????????????? ????? ??????
??????????????? ???-? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? , ?????????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? , ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? [3] ? ????????? ????????? ???????????? [3]
???? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ( 1979 ) , ???????????? ??????????, ?????? ( 1972 ) ? Redwood High School ?
?????? Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professorship in the School of Humanities and Sciences ?
??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????
?????????? ? ?????????? ????????
??????? ??????? John D. Joannopoulos ?
???? ? ??????? ??????? Deborah Berebichez ? [4]
????????
???? profiles.stanford.edu/robert-laughlin ​ (????.)
 Robert B. Laughlin ?????????????

?????? ?????? ( ????. ? Robert Betts Laughlin , ????????? 1 , 1950 ( 1950-11-01 ) [1] [2] , ???????? ), ????????? ??????? , ??????? ? ????????? ????????????? ? 1998 ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ???, ≪??? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????≫ ?

??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? (1994) [9] ?

?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ( ?????????? ), ? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ? 2004-?? 2006 ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? (KAIST) ??????? ( ????????? ????? )?

?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 ?????????? ????????????   (????.)
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Munzinger Personen   (????.)
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Notable Names Database ? 2002.
  4. ↑ Mathematics Genealogy Project ? 1997.
  5. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 ? Nobel Foundation .
  6. ↑ Table showing prize amounts ? Nobel Foundation , 2019.
  7. ↑ https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/buckley.cfm
  8. ↑ https://science.osti.gov/lawrence/Award-Laureates
  9. ↑ Robert B. Laughlin (????.)

??????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????????? ???? ???????, ????? ?????????? ?? ≪?????? ??????≫ ?????????
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??????? ? ≪ https://hy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????_??????&oldid=8255353 ≫ ????