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Հինդուիստական սվաստիկան

?????? ≪?????????≫

???? ( ???????? ? ???, ???), ????????? , ?????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ??????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ? ????? ???????????? ? ???????????? , ??????????? ? ?????????? [1] [2] [3] ???? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? [4] ? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? [5] ?

?????????? ?, ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??????????? [????? 1] , ???? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? [7] ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????? [8] [????? 2] ? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? [9] ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? [10] [11] , ???? ????? 20-?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? [12] ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? 11-?? ?????? ??????? ???????? [13] [14] ?

?????? ?????????? (???????????) ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? [15] ? ???????? 19-?? ???? ????? ? 20-?? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? [15] ? 1980-?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? [14] ? ???????? ??????????? ???, ??????, ????? ?????? ?, ??? ????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? [16] ? ?????????? 6 ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ???? , ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? [17] ?

?? ???? ????????????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? , ???????????? , ??????? ? ???? ????????????????? ????? [18] [19] ? ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????????? [18] [19] ? 2016 ??????? ?????????? 1-?? ????? ????????-? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? [20] ?

???????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? , ????????? , ????????? ?

??????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???????, ??? ????????? ? ????????? , ??????? , ????????, ???? ? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????/?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ( cf. English yoke and Latin iugum / jugum ) ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ????????????????, ???????? ?? ????????, ????????, ???????????, ??????????? (?????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???)? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????-?????????? ?????, ???????? ?? ????, ?????, ?????????????? [21] ?

??????????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? , ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?? ???, ????????????????, ?????????, ?????, ????????, ?????????, ??????????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ≪ ?????????≫ ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ? ≪??? ???? ???≫; ?????????? ???? ≪???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? (??????? ????????????? ???????)≫ ???????? ?????; ??????????? ???? ≪?????????????? ??? ?????? ????≫ ???????????? ?????; ????????? ≪?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????????????≫ ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?, ? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ? ≪??????? ?????????????≫? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ≪??? ???? ???≫? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? (2.1) ???? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????, ??? ?? ≪??????????? ?????????≫? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????? ???????? [22] ?

??? ??????? ? ?????? 6-?? ???? ???????? ???????????, ???? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ???? (???????) ??? ???? ????????? (???????????)? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? (???????????) ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ???????????????? [23] ? ???????? ???????? ?????? , ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? [24] , ?????? ?, ?? ???? ????????? ? ??????? (???????????? ????????????) [25] ?

???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? (???????) ??? ???? ????????? (???????????) [26] ? ????, ?? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ? ??? ????????????????, ??????? ? ???? (????? ? ??????????? ??? ??????, ? ??? ??????????? ?????) ??? ?????? (????????? ?????????? ? ?????) [27] ?

?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? (??????????)? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ????????, ?????? ? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??

??? ?????????? ≪????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? [28] .

  1. ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????
  2. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????
  3. ????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????(???????)
  4. ????, ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???, ???????? ?? ?????-, ??????- ? ????-
  5. ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? [28] ≫?

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? 5-?? ????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????, ? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? [29] ?

  1. ????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????, ?????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? , ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? [30]
  2. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????` ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ?? ???????? ???????????? , ??????? ??????????????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? [31]
  3. ?????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????, ??? ??????????????? ? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? (???????????, ????????) ? ?????? (???????, ???????????) ??????????????. ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ?????? ?????? [32]
  4. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????????. ?????, ????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???, ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????????????? [33] ? ????? ??????????, ??????, ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?????????? ?, ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? [34] ?

????? ??????????? ?, ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ≪???? ?????????≫ ??????????? ?????????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ???, ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? [35] ?

???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ???????????, ??? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ????? , ?????? ????? , ????? ????? , ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?

?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????, ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? , ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???? ????????? ? ??? [36] ? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????, ?? ????????? ????????? [37] ? , ???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? [38] ?

?????? ??? ???????

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? ????? ????????? ? ????????????? ????? [39] ???? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?(???????, ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????) [40] [41] ?

???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????` ??????????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? 20-?? ?????? [38] ? ?????? 20-?? ???? ????? ???????????, ?????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ????????? [38] , ????????? ??? ???????????????? ???????????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? [38] ?

???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ? ???? ????
????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ???? ?????? ??? [42] ?

?????, ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???, ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? [38] ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? [43] ? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ≪???? ????≫, ≪???????? ????≫? ???????????????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? [37] , ???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? [38] ?

??????? ????? ???????? ? ????????????????, ???????????, ???????? ????????????, ???????????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ? ????? ????? [44] ? ???????????????? ( ???????? ) ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? 3 ??????? ?????????? ????????(?????????, ???????? ??????? ????????????), ??????????????( ???????? ) ? ??????? ???????????? ???????????( ????? , ?????)? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????? (??????) ??? ? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ? ?? ?????????/?????????? ??????????????? ????????? [45] [46] , ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ≪????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????≫ ??? ≪???????? ?????≫ [47] [48] ????????? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????????? ( ????? ?? ??????? ) ? ???????????????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????, ???????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????? (????????????, ??????????????, ????????? ?????????????? ?????) ???????? ????????? ???????? [44] [49] [50] ?

????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????? ????
??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? 11-?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? [51] ?

????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ????? , ?????? ????? ?, ??? ???????????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ??????, ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????????? [52] [53] [54] ?

  1. ????? ???? ?????????, ?????????? (15-?? ???)
  2. ???? ??????? , ?????? ??????? (1500 [55] ??? 17-?? ???)
  3. ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? (17-?? ???? ????)

??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? 11-?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? [52] ? ????????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? [56] [57] [58] ?

????????? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????? [59] , ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? (????????????? ???????) [60] ? ????? ??? , ??? ???????????? ? ????? ????????

??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ??????? , ????? ????????? , ? ????

?????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? [61] ? ???? ??? ≪??????≫ ?????????

???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? , ??????? ??????????? , ???????? , ? ?????????
16-?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????

???????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????, ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????? , ???????????? ???????????? , ???????? ????? , ????????????? ? ??????????? ?

???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ?? ????????-??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ?? ??????? [????? 3] [????? 3] [????? 3] [????? 1] [????? 1] [????? 1] [????? 1] [????? 1][????? 1][????? 1][????? 1][????? 1][????? 1][????? 1][????? 1][????? 1][????? 1] [????? 3][????? 3] [????? 3][????? 3][????? 3] ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? [????? 4] ?? ?????/??????? ???

??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????

??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????? [62] ? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????????????????, ????????? ????????, ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? [63] ? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? , ??? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????( ?????-?????? )? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????

?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ?????? , ?????? , ? ??????

???????? ??????? ?, ?? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ? [64] ? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? ????????????? 9-10-?? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????(?????, ?????) ????????????, ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????( ??????? ), ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????????????, ???????? ????????????? ?????????????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????????, ???????????? ? ??????????? [64] [65] ?

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ? [66] ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????, ?? ????? ???????? ? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????????????? (?????? 3300?1900) [67] ? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? [68] , ?????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ???????? [69] ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????

??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?, ???? ?? ???????????? ??????????????????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???, ?????? ????????????????, ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? [70] [????? 5]

?????? ????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ????? ?? ? ???? ??? ?????? 500-200 ?????????? ????????????? ????? 200- ???? 500-???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????, ????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????????, ? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ? ???? ??? [72] ? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? 19-?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????

?????????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? Indus Valley Civilization

?????????, ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? [67] [68] ? ???? ?????? ?????? ??, ?? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ??????????????????? [73] ? ??????? [74] , ??????? [75] ? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????? [75] ?????? ????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ???? ????????????????? ????? ≪?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????≫ ????? [76] ?

?????? ?????(??????1700?500) [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? Vedic period

??? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ? ≪?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??≫ [77] [????? 6] ??????, ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? [78] [????? 7] ? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????, ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????, ??? ???? ???????????????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? [81] ?

?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? , ????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? [82] [83] ? ??? ??????? ????????? ≪??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ??? ????????, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????(???????????, ???????? , ?????????? ) ????????? ?????? 6-5-?? ????????≫ [8] ?

??? ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???, ?????????, ??? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ? ????????? [68] ? ≪???????? ?? ?????? ???????-??????? ????????????, ???? ?????????? ? ?????????????????? ? ??????????????? ??????????[?????] ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????, ???????? ? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????≫ [84] [????? 8] ?

????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

≪????≫ ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ??? ???????? (???????? ?????????? ?????????) 5.81.1 ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???-???????(???????), ????? ??? ??????????? ? ????? ≪???????≫ ??? ≪????????? ?????????≫ [87] [88] [????? 9]

?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? 10?136 ????????? [6] ?

?????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????, ???????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????????, ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????
- ????? ??????

????????, ??????, ?? ?????????? ?????, ? ??? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? [6] ? ????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???, ????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? [????? 10] ? ??????? ????????? ?????????(?????????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????) ?????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? 1?5?23 ????????? (?????? 900 ??????), ??? ?????????? ?????????(?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ?? ???) ????? ? ???????? ?????????? 8?15 ?????????(?????? 800-700) [91] [????? 11] ?

?????? ????????? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ???????? ?????? ????? (??????????????) ????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????????( ????? ), ????????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? [????? 12] ? ??????? ( ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????) ??? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? [83] ? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? , ?????????? ????? ???????????? [94] ? ????????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????????? (?????? ?????????? ?????????, ?????? 1000-800) ? ????????????? ??? [83] [95] ? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ? ??? ?????????-?????????????? ????????????? [????? 13] ?

??????????? ?????????(?????? 500?200) [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ?????????????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????? 500-200 ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????, ????? ????????????, ???????? ???? ? ????????????? ????? ????? [98] [????? 14] ?

???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

≪????≫ ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????(????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??? ???????) ????? ???????????? ? [75] [101] ? ????????? ????????? ????? 5-3-?? ???????? [102] [103] , ????? ??? ?????????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????, ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? [94] [????? 15] ? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???? ????????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????, ?????, ?????????? ? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? [105] [106] ? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??

The earliest extant systematic account of yoga and a bridge from the earlier Vedic uses of the term is found in the Hindu Katha Upanisad (Ku), a scripture dating from about the third century BCE[…] [I]t describes the hierarchy of mind-body constituents?the senses, mind, intellect, etc.?that comprise the foundational categories of S?mkhya philosophy, whose metaphysical system grounds the yoga of the Yogasutras, Bhagavad Gita, and other texts and schools (Ku3.10?11; 6.7?8). [107]

???????????? ?????????? 2-?? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ?? ??????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?, ?????????????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????, ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????, ???????? ? ????? ????? ???????? [106] [108] ?

???????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? , ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????( ????????? ), ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????( ?????????? ), ?????????( ?????? ), ???? ????????????( ??????? ), ????????????? ??????????/?????????????? ???????????( ????? ) ? ??????????????????/????? ?????? ?????????( ??????? ) [75] [106] [109] ?

? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????????? , ???????? ???? 1-?? ?? 2-?? ???????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? , ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? [110] [111] ?

?????? ??????????????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? , ??? ?????????? ????????? ? ????? 6-2-?? ???????, ????????? ? ????? [112] [113] [????? 16] ? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ≪?? ?????, ????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?, ?????, ?? ?? ??????????????≫ [115] ? ??????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????, ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?, ?? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? (????????????) ????????????? ?? ????????? (?????????), ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? [115] ?

????? ????, ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ? ?????? ????? ?? 2?1?3, 2?1?223 ? ??? ???????????? [116] ? ?????????? ?, ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? 450-???? 200 ????????? [117] [118] , ? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??, ?? ????? ????? ? ???????? ≪?????? ??????????????≫ ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? [116] ? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? 6- ???? 2-?? ??????? [119] [120] , ?????????????? ? ????? 4?2?38-50 ????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????, ????????? (?????????), ????????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ???????? ?? ????????????????? ?????? ???? ?? [121] [122] [123] ?

??????????? ???????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? 4-?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????????, ????? ???? ????? ???????????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????, ????????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????-???????????? ???? ????????????? ??(????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? 15, ????? 63-65-???), ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? [124] ? ????????????? ?????? ?, ??? ????? ??????????( ???????? ) ??????? ??? ≪??????????≫ ??????? ? ≪?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????, ?????, ???? ?????? [125] ≫?

????????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ? ?? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????? ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????????????????, ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????, ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ≪??????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????≫ ?????? [125] ? ????????????? ? ????????? ??????? ??, ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ≪????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ????????? ???????≫, ?? ≪????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????≫, ?? ≪?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???≫ ? ?? ≪??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?≫ [124] [125] ? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? [124] ? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? [124] ? ??? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ≪?????????? ?????????????≫ ? ≪????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????≫ ??????????????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? (????????????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????????, ?????? ??????????) ?? ????????? ?????????????

??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ?????? ?, ?? ≪??????? ?? [????] ????????? ????????? ??, ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????????? ?? ??????≫ [126] ? ?? ????? ? [127] ?

But it is only with Buddhism itself as expounded in the Pali Canon that we can speak about a systematic and comprehensive or even integral school of Yoga practice, which is thus the first and oldest to have been preserved for us in its entirety. [127]

?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? , ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? [128] [129] ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? , ????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? (???????????? ????????????), ????? ???? ?? ????????? , ????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????????? [130] , ?????? ??? ?????????-???????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? [131] ? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????????, ?????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? 3-4-?? ?????? ? ????????????? ???????????????? 4-5-?? ?????? ????? ??????? [131] ?

???????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ????, ????? ? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? [127] ? ??????????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? [132] [133] [????? 17] ?

??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? [135] [136] ? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ????????(?????????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ????) ???, ??? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? [137] ?

?????????????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????, ????????? ?, ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????? [1] ? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? [94] ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????????( ????? ) ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????( ????? ) [83] ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? [138] ?

???????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ?
???????? ??????? Bhagavad Gita

???????? ????? (?????? ?????) ???????? ??????????? ? ≪????≫ ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????, ???????? ???????????? [5] ??????? ?????????? ?????(????? 6)? ??? ???????????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????? [139] ?

  • ????? ????? ???????????? ???? [140] ;
  • ?????? ????? ????????????? ???? [140] ;
  • ????? ????. ??????????? ???? [7] [141] ?

????? ???????? ? 18 ?????????? ? 700 ?????????? (???????????????????) [142] ? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? 18 ?????? ??????? [142] [143] ? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? 3 ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? 6 ?????????? 280 ?????????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 6-?? 209 ??????????, ? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? 6 ?????????? 211 ??????????? ??? ?????????, ??????, ?? ???????????????, ???????? ??????? , ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????????? [142] ?

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????????? (?????????? ????) ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? 12-?? ????( ?????? ????? ) ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? 300-200 ???????????? ??????????? ? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????????????(?????, ??????????? ? ????) ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? (???) ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ??????? (???????? ??????????), ??????? (?????????????????) ? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????? [11] ? ??????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????, ???????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ??????????????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????????????? [144] ? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? [145] ? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? [144] ?

??????? ????????? (????? 200 ????? 500) [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????, ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????-?????????????

??????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????????(?????? 200-???? 500) ?????????? , ????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ? ? ???? ??? [72] ?

?????? ????? ????????????????, ????? ? ???????? ????????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? 200-???? 500 ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? (1?2?10 ??????????????? ???), ??????, ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????????????(???????????????????) ???? ??????????? ??????? (?? ?????????), ????(?????????) ? ??????? (?????????? ???????????) [16] [146] ? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????

??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??, ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? [17] ? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? , ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????????????????????? ( ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ) ????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? [147] ? ??? ????? ?????????, ??????, ???????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ≪???????? ?????≫ ????????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????????, ?? ?????????/?????????? ???????? [20] [45] [148] ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? [149] ?

?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ≪??? ????? ???????????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ????? [150] ≫?

?????????? ???? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]
???????? ?????????? Raja Yoga ? Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????

?????? ??????????????? ???, ????? ??? ???????? (????????? ?? ????????) ????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ? [151] [152] ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ?? ???? ???? ????????, ??????? ?, ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????????????, ???????????? ? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? [????? 18] ?

??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????, ???? ? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? 2-?? ????? ???? 1-?? ??? [154] ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ????????? (????????) ≪????????? ?????????????≫( ??????????? ), ??? ????????????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? [154] ? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ?????? ???????????? ≪?? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ?? ????≫ ?????????, ????? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?, ?????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? [154] ? ?????? ????????, ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ????????????????, ??????????? ?? ???????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??, ?????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????????????? ? ??????? ??????????? [154] ?

?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? [155] ? ???? ?????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??????????????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? (???? 350-450???) [156] ? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? [157] ? ?????????? ????????? ? ≪????≫ ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????

???????????????????????

( yoga? citta-v?tti-nirodha? IAST )

- Yoga Sutras 1.2

??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ≪????? ???? ( citta IAST ) ???????????????? ( v?tti IAST ) ??????????? ( nirodha? IAST ) ?≫ [158] ? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ≪????? ????????????? ? ??????????????( Citta ) ??????? ?????? ?????????( Vrittis )≫ [159] ? ????? ??????? ????????? ?, ?? ?????????? ??? ≪????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????????≫ [160] [161] [162] ?

??? ???? ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? (?????? ????????????) ????????, ??? ??? ??????? ≪ ??????????? (??? ?????????? ???????????????) ???????? ?????? ?≫ [163] ? ??? ???????????? ≪?????(?????????) ????????? ? ?????????????(????? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????); ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?≫, ≪????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ??????????????; ??? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ???????????????????,??????????? [164] ≫?

???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ ????? ??????? ?????? ?, ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? [6] ?
  2. ↑ ???????????, ?????????? ? ????????? [8]
  3. ↑ For instance, Kamalashila (2003), p. 4, states that Buddhist meditation "includes any method of meditation that has Enlightenment as its ultimate aim." Likewise, Bodhi (1999) writes: "To arrive at the experiential realization of the truths it is necessary to take up the practice of meditation.... At the climax of such contemplation the mental eye … shifts its focus to the unconditioned state, Nibbana ...." A similar although in some ways slightly broader definition is provided by Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 142: " Meditation ? general term for a multitude of religious practices, often quite different in method, but all having the same goal: to bring the consciousness of the practitioner to a state in which he can come to an experience of 'awakening,' 'liberation,' 'enlightenment.'" Kamalashila (2003) further allows that some Buddhist meditations are "of a more preparatory nature" (p. 4).
  4. ↑ ???? and ???????? ??? ??????? -? ?????????? ????????? ? "?????????"? ?????? ???????? "?????????"-?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? (1995), ?? 105; ? ??????-??????? et al. (1991), p. 20. As an example from a well-known discourse of the Pali Canon , in "The Greater Exhortation to Rahula" ( Maha-Rahulovada Sutta , MN 62), Ven. Sariputta tells Ven. Rahula (in Pali, based on VRI, n.d.) : ?n?p?nassati?, r?hula, bh?vana? bh?vehi. IAST Thanissaro (2006) translates this as: "Rahula, develop the meditation [ bh?vana IAST ] of mindfulness of in-&-out breathing ." (Square-bracketed Pali word included based on Thanissaro, 2006, end ?????.)
  5. ↑ Gavin Flood: "These renouncer traditions offered a new vision of the human condition which became incorporated, to some degree, into the worldview of the Brahman householder. The ideology of asceticism and renunciation seems, at first, discontinuous with the brahmanical ideology of the affirmation of social obligations and the performance of public and domestic rituals. Indeed, there has been some debate as to whether asceticism and its ideas of retributive action, reincarnation and spiritual liberation, might not have originated outside the orthodox vedic sphere, or even outside Aryan culture: that a divergent historical origin might account for the apparent contradiction within 'Hinduism' between the world affirmation of the householder and the world negation of the renouncer. However, this dichotomization is too simplistic, for continuities can undoubtedly be found between renunciation and vedic Brahmanism, while elements from non-Brahmanical, Sramana traditions also played an important part in the formation of the renunciate ideal. Indeed there are continuities between vedic Brahmanism and Buddhism, and it has been argued that the Buddha sought to return to the ideals of a vedic society which he saw as being eroded in his own day." [71]
  6. ↑ See also Gavin Flood (1996), Hinduism , p.87?90, on "The orthogenetic theory" and "Non-Vedic origins of renunciation". [66]
  7. ↑ Post-classical traditions consider Hiranyagarbha as the originator of yoga. [79] [80]
  8. ↑ Zimmer's point of view is supported by other scholars, such as Niniam Smart, in Doctrine and argument in Indian Philosophy , 1964, p.27?32 & p.76, [85] and S.K. Belvakar & Inchegeri Sampradaya in History of Indian philosophy , 1974 (1927), p.81 & p.303?409. [85] See Crangle 1994 page 5?7. [86]
  9. ↑ Original Sanskrit: ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? [89]
    Translation 1 : Seers of the vast illumined seer yogically [???????, yunjante] control their minds and their intelligence... (…) [87]
    Translation 2 : The illumined yoke their mind and they yoke their thoughts to the illuminating godhead, to the vast, to the luminous in consciousness;
    the one knower of all manifestation of knowledge, he alone orders the things of the sacrifice. Great is the praise of Savitri, the creating godhead. [88]
  10. ↑ Flood: "...which states that, having become calm and concentrated, one perceives the self ( atman ), within oneself." [90]
  11. ↑ Original Sanskrit: ???????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ? ? ??????????? ? ? ???????????? ?? ? Chandogya Upanishad , VIII.15 [92]
    Translation 1 by Max Muller , The Upanishads, The Sacred Books of the East ? Part 1, Oxford University Press: (He who engages in) self study, concentrates all his senses on the Self, never giving pain to any creature, except at the tirthas, he who behaves thus all his life, reaches the world of Brahman , and does not return, yea, he does not return.
    [93]
  12. ↑ * Jacobsen writes that "Bodily postures are closely related to the tradition of tapas, ascetic practices in the Vedic tradition. The use by Vedic priests of ascetic practices in their preparations for the performance of the sacrifice might be precursor to Yoga." [83]
    • Whicher believes that "the proto-Yoga of the Vedic rishis is an early form of sacrificial mysticism and contains many elements characteristic of later Yoga that include: concentration, meditative observation, ascetic forms of practice (tapas), breath control..." [82]
  13. ↑ * Wynne states that "The Nasadiyasukta, one of the earliest and most important cosmogonic tracts in the early Brahminic literature, contains evidence suggesting it was closely related to a tradition of early Brahminic contemplation. A close reading of this text suggests that it was closely related to a tradition of early Brahminic contemplation. The poem may have been composed by contemplatives, but even if not, an argument can be made that it marks the beginning of the contemplative/meditative trend in Indian thought." [96]
    • Miller suggests that the composition of Nasadiya Sukta and Purusha Sukta arises from "the subtlest meditative stage, called absorption in mind and heart" which "involves enheightened experiences" through which seer "explores the mysterious psychic and cosmic forces...". [97]
    • Jacobsen writes that dhyana (meditation) is derived from Vedic term dhih which refers to "visionary insight", "thought provoking vision". [97]
  14. ↑ Ancient Indian literature was transmitted and preserved through an oral tradition . [99] For example, the earliest written Pali Canon text is dated to the later part of 1st century BCE, many centuries after the Buddha's death. [100]
  15. ↑ For the date of this Upanishad see also Helmuth von Glasenapp, from the 1950 Proceedings of the "Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur" [104]
  16. ↑ The currently existing version of Vai?e?ika S?tra manuscript was likely finalized sometime between 2nd century BCE and the start of the common era. [114] Wezler has proposed that the Yoga related text may have been inserted into this Sutra later, among other things; however, Bronkhorst finds much to disagree on with Wezler. [115]
  17. ↑ On the dates of the Pali canon, Gregory Schopen writes, "We know, and have known for some time, that the Pali canon as we have it ? and it is generally conceded to be our oldest source ? cannot be taken back further than the last quarter of the first century BCE, the date of the Alu-vihara redaction, the earliest redaction we can have some knowledge of, and that ? for a critical history ? it can serve, at the very most, only as a source for the Buddhism of this period. But we also know that even this is problematic... In fact, it is not until the time of the commentaries of Buddhaghosa, Dhammapala, and others ? that is to say, the fifth to sixth centuries CE ? that we can know anything definite about the actual contents of [the Pali] canon." [134]
  18. ↑ Werner writes, "The word Yoga appears here for the first time in its fully technical meaning, namely as a systematic training, and it already received a more or less clear formulation in some other middle Upanishads....Further process of the systematization of Yoga as a path to the ultimate mystic goal is obvious in subsequent Yoga Upanishads and the culmination of this endeavour is represented by Patanjali's codification of this path into a system of the eightfold Yoga." [153]

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

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  2. ↑ Stuart Ray Sarbacker, Sam?dhi: The Numinous and Cessative in Indo-Tibetan Yoga . SUNY Press, 2005, pp. 1?2.
  3. ↑ Tattvarthasutra [6.1], see Manu Doshi (2007) Translation of Tattvarthasutra, Ahmedabad: Shrut Ratnakar p. 102
  4. ↑ White, 2011
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Jacobsen, p. 10.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Karel Werner (1977), Yoga and the ?g Veda: An Interpretation of the Ke?in Hymn (RV 10, 136), Religious Studies, Vol. 13, No. 3, page 289?302
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 E. Easwaran, Essence of the Bhagavad Gita, Nilgiri Press, 978-1-58638-068-7 , pages 117?118
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Samuel, 2008 , ?? 8
  9. ↑ Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice , Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-539534-1 , pages 25?34
  10. ↑ Whicher, pp. 1?4, chronology on pp. 41?42
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Whicher, p. 25?26.
  12. ↑ White, 2014 , ?? xvi?xvii
  13. ↑ James Mallinson, "S?ktism and Hathayoga," 28 June 2012. ≪Archived copy≫ (PDF) . ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2013 ?? ??????? 16-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ??????? 4-?? . {{ cite web }} : CS1 ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ( link ) [accessed 19 September 2013] pg. 20, Quote: "The techniques of hatha yoga are not taught in Sanskrit texts until the 11th century or thereabouts."
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Burley, Mikel (2000). Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice . Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 16. "It is for this reason that hatha-yoga is sometimes referred to as a variety of 'Tantrism'."
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 White, 2011 , ?? 2
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Olivelle, Patrick (2013), King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-989182-5 , see Introduction
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Larson, p. 38.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 * Smith, Kelly B.; Pukall, Caroline F. (2009 ?? ?????). ≪An evidence-based review of yoga as a complementary intervention for patients with cancer≫. Psycho-Oncology . 18 (5): 465?475. doi : 10.1002/pon.1411 . PMID   18821529 .
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Vancampfort, D.; Vansteeland, K.; Scheewe, T.; Probst, M.; Knapen, J.; De Herdt, A.; De Hert, M. (2012 ?? ??????). ≪Yoga in schizophrenia: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials≫. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica . 126 (1): 12?20. doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01865.x . , art.nr. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01865.x
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga ? An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, 978-0-415-64887-5 , pages 31?46
  21. ↑ Monier Monier-Williams (1872). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: ...with Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon. Clarendon. ??  804 .
  22. ↑ Whicher, pp. 6?7.
  23. ↑ Bryant 2009, p. 5.
  24. ↑ Bryant 2009, p. xxxix.
  25. ↑ Aranya, Swami Hariharananda (2000). Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali with Bhasvati . Calcutta, India: University of Calcutta . ?? 1. ISBN   81-87594-00-4 .
  26. ↑ Dasgupta, Surendranath (1975). A History of Indian Philosophy . Vol. 1. Delhi , India: Motilal Banarsidass. ?? 226. ISBN   81-208-0412-0 .
  27. ↑ American Heritage Dictionary: "Yogi, One who practices yoga." Websters: "Yogi, A follower of the yoga philosophy; an ascetic."
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Jacobsen, p. 4.
  29. ↑ White, 2011 , ?? 6
  30. ↑ White, 2011 , ???? 6?8
  31. ↑ White, 2011 , ???? 8?9
  32. ↑ White, 2011 , ???? 9?10
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  34. ↑ Mallinson, James (2013). ≪The Yog?s' Latest Trick≫. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . Cambridge University Press (CUP). 24 (1): 165?180. doi : 10.1017/s1356186313000734 .
  35. ↑ White, 2011 , ?? 11
  36. ↑ Hari Dass, 1978
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Mallinson, 2011 , ?? 770
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 38,2 38,3 38,4 38,5 White, 2014 , ?? xvi
  39. ↑ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , Indian Philosophy, London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1971 edition, Volume II, pp. 19?20.
  40. ↑ Changing World Religions, Cults & Occult .
  41. ↑ Flood 1996 , ????. 82, 224?49
  42. ↑ Swami Vivekananda, Raja Yoga, 978-1500746940
  43. ↑ Whicher, pp. 41?43
  44. ↑ 44,0 44,1 Edwin Bryant (2011, Rutgers University), The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali ?????????? 18 ????? 2019 Wayback Machine IEP
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, 978-8120832329 , pages 38?39
  46. ↑ Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga ? An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, 978-0-415-64887-5 , pages 43?46
  47. ↑ Kovoor T. Behanan (2002), Yoga: Its Scientific Basis, Dover, 978-0-486-41792-9 , pages 56?58
  48. ↑ Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga ? An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, 978-0-415-64887-5 , page 39, 41
  49. ↑ Wade Dazey (2008) on pages 421?423, and Lloyd Pflueger on pages 46?52, in Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Editor: Knut A. Jacobsen, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-8120832329
  50. ↑ Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga ? An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, 978-0-415-64887-5 , pages 38?46
  51. ↑ Akshaya Kumar Banerjea (1983). Philosophy of Gorakhnath with Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha . Motilal Banarsidass. ???? xxi. ISBN   978-81-208-0534-7 .
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1 See Kriyananada, page 112.
  53. ↑ See Burley, page 73.
  54. ↑ See Introduction by Rosen, pp 1?2.
  55. ↑ See translation by Mallinson.
  56. ↑ On page 140, David Gordon White says of Gorakshanath: "... hatha yoga, in which field he was India's major systematizer and innovator."
  57. ↑ Bajpai writes on page 524: "Nobody can dispute about the top ranking position of Sage Gorakshanath in the philosophy of Yoga."
  58. ↑ Eliade writes of Gorakshanath on page 303: "...he accomplished a new synthesis among certain Shaivist traditions (Pashupata), tantrism, and the doctrines (unfortunately, so imperfectly known) of the siddhas ? that is, of the perfect yogis."
  59. ↑ Davidson, Ronald. Indian Esoteric Buddhism. Columbia University Press. 2002, pg.169?235.
  60. ↑ Lama Yeshe (1998). The Bliss of Inner Fire. Wisdom Publications. pp. 135?141.
  61. ↑ Larson, p. 142.
  62. ↑ Mahapragya, Acharya (2004). ≪Foreword≫. Jain Yog . Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh.
  63. ↑ Tulsi, Acharya (2004). ≪blessings≫. Sambodhi . Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh. OCLC   39811791 . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ????? 5-?? . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ???????? 7-?? .
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  65. ↑ Mukunda Stiles, Tantra Yoga Secrets, Weiser, 978-1-57863-503-0 , pages 3?7
  66. ↑ 66,0 66,1 Flood, 1996 , ?? 87?90
  67. ↑ 67,0 67,1 Crangle, 1994 , ?? 4?7
  68. ↑ 68,0 68,1 68,2 Zimmer, 1951 , ?? 217, 314
  69. ↑ Samuel, 2008
  70. ↑ Flood, 1996 , ?? 77
  71. ↑ Flood, 1996 , ?? 76?77
  72. ↑ 72,0 72,1 Larson, p. 36.
  73. ↑ Samuel, 2008 , ?? 2?3
  74. ↑ Possehl (2003), pp. 144?145
  75. ↑ 75,0 75,1 75,2 75,3 Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice , Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-539534-1 , pages 25?34
  76. ↑ Samuel, 2008 , ?? 2?10
  77. ↑ Crangle, 1994 , ?? 4
  78. ↑ Crangle, 1994 , ?? 5
  79. ↑ Feuerstein, Georg (2001). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice . Arizona, USA: Hohm Press. ?? Kindle Locations 7299?7300. ISBN   978-1-890772-18-5 .
  80. ↑ Aranya, Swami Hariharananda (2000). ≪Introduction≫. Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali with Bhasvati . Calcutta, India: University of Calcutta. ?? xxiv. ISBN   81-87594-00-4 .
  81. ↑ McEvilley, Thomas (1981). ≪An Archaeology of Yoga≫ . Anthropology and aesthetics . 1 (spring): 51. doi : 10.1086/RESv1n1ms20166655 . ISSN   0277-1322 .
  82. ↑ 82,0 82,1 Whicher, p. 12.
  83. ↑ 83,0 83,1 83,2 83,3 83,4 Jacobsen, p. 6.
  84. ↑ Zimmer, 1951 , ?? 217
  85. ↑ 85,0 85,1 Crangle, 1994 , ?? 7
  86. ↑ Crangle, 1994 , ?? 5?7
  87. ↑ 87,0 87,1 Burley, Mikel (2000). Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice . Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ?? 25. ISBN   978-8120817067 .
  88. ↑ 88,0 88,1 Sri Aurobindo (1916, Reprinted 1995), A Hymn to Savitri V.81, in The Secret of Veda, 978-0-914955-19-1 , page 529
  89. ↑ Sanskrit:
    Source: Rigveda Book 5, Chapter 81 Wikisource
  90. ↑ Flood, 1996 , ?? 94?95
  91. ↑ Mircea Eliade (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, 978-0-691-14203-6 , pages 117?118
  92. ↑ wikisource , Chandogya Upanishad, ?????????????? ??????? ??????
  93. ↑ Translation 2 by GN Jha: Chandogya Upanishad VIII.15, page 488
  94. ↑ 94,0 94,1 94,2 Flood, p. 94?95.
  95. ↑ Whicher, p. 13.
  96. ↑ Wynne, p. 50.
  97. ↑ 97,0 97,1 Whicher, p. 11.
  98. ↑ Larson, p. 34?35, 53.
  99. ↑ Wynne, Alexander (2004). ≪The Oral Transmission of the Early Buddhist Literature≫ . Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies . 27 (1): 97?128.
  100. ↑ Donald Lopez (2004). Buddhist Scriptures. Penguin Books. pp. xi?xv. 978-0-14-190937-0
  101. ↑ Flood, 1996 , ?? 95
  102. ↑ Stephen Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy . Columbia University Press. ???? 28?30. ISBN   978-0-231-14485-8 .
  103. ↑ Patrick Olivelle (1998). The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation . Oxford University Press. ???? 12?13. ISBN   978-0-19-512435-4 .
  104. ↑ ≪Vedanta and Buddhism, A Comparative Study≫ . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ???????? 4-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ???????? 29-?? .
  105. ↑ Whicher, p. 18?19.
  106. ↑ 106,0 106,1 106,2 Jacobsen, p. 8.
  107. ↑ White, 2011 , ?? 4
  108. ↑ See: Original Sanskrit: Shvetashvatara Upanishad Book 2, Hymns 8?14; English Translation: Paul Deussen (German: 1897; English Translated by Bedekar & Palsule, Reprint: 2010), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-8120814677 , pages 309?310 Secondary Source Review: Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-539534-1 , page 26
  109. ↑ Feuerstein, Georg (January?February 1988). ≪Introducing Yoga's Great Literary Heritage≫. Yoga Journal (78): 70?5.
  110. ↑ TRS Ayyangar (1938), The Yoga Upanishads The Adyar Library, Madras
  111. ↑ David Gordon White (2011), Yoga in Practice, Princeton University Press, 978-0691140865 , pages 97?112
  112. ↑ Bimal Krishna Matilal, 1977 , ???? 56-59
  113. ↑ Jeaneane D. Fowler, 2002 , ???? 98-99
  114. ↑ Bimal Krishna Matilal, 1977 , ?? 54
  115. ↑ 115,0 115,1 115,2 Johannes Bronkhorst (1993). The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass. ?? 64. ISBN   978-81-208-1114-0 .
  116. ↑ 116,0 116,1 Stephen Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy . Columbia University Press. ???? 281 foot????? 36. ISBN   978-0-231-14485-8 .
  117. ↑ Andrew J. Nicholson (2013). Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History . Columbia University Press. ?? 26. ISBN   978-0-231-14987-7 . , Quote: "From a historical perspective, the Brahmasutras are best understood as a group of sutras composed by multiple authors over the course of hundreds of years, most likely composed in its current form between 400 and 450 BCE."
  118. ↑ NV Isaeva (1992), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, 978-0-7914-1281-7 , page 36, Quote: ""on the whole, scholars are rather unanimous, considering the most probable date for Brahmasutra sometime between the 2nd-century BCE and the 2nd-century CE"
  119. ↑ Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, 978-1898723943 , page 129
  120. ↑ B. K. Matilal (1986), "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge", Oxford University Press, p. xiv.
  121. ↑ Stephen Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy . Columbia University Press. ???? 281 foot????? 40, 297. ISBN   978-0-231-14485-8 .
  122. ↑ SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), The Nyaya Sutras , The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 137?139
  123. ↑ Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-8120803091 , page 237
  124. ↑ 124,0 124,1 124,2 124,3 Charles R Lanman, The Hindu Yoga System , Harvard Theological Review, Volume XI, Number 4, Harvard University Press, pages 355?359
  125. ↑ 125,0 125,1 125,2 Strabo, Geography Book XV, Chapter 1, see Sections 63?65 , Loeb Classical Library edition, Harvard University Press, Translator: HL Jones, Archived by: University of Chicago
  126. ↑ Karel Werner (1998), Yoga and the Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-8120816091 , page 131
  127. ↑ 127,0 127,1 127,2 Werner (1977) p. 119?20
  128. ↑ Samuel, 2008 , ???? 31?32
  129. ↑ Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-539534-1 , Chapter 1
  130. ↑ Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993), The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-8120816435 , pages 1?24
  131. ↑ 131,0 131,1 White, 2011 , ???? 5?6
  132. ↑ Douglass, Laura (2011). ≪Thinking Through The Body: The Conceptualization Of Yoga As Therapy For Individuals With Eating Disorders≫ . Academic Search Premier : 83 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 19-?? .
  133. ↑ Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti . Sahitya Akademi. ?? 1809. ISBN   978-81-260-1194-0 .
  134. ↑ Wynne, pp. 3?4.
  135. ↑ Richard Gombrich , "Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo." Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988, p. 44.
  136. ↑ Barbara Stoler Miller, "Yoga: Discipline of Freedom: the Yoga Sutra Attributed to Patanjali; a Translation of the Text, with Commentary, Introduction, and Glossary of Keywords." University of California Press, 1996, p. 8.
  137. ↑ James Mallinson, "S?ktism and Hathayoga," 6 March 2012. PDF file ?????????? 16 ?????? 2013 Wayback Machine [accessed 10 June 2012] pgs. 20?21 "The Buddha himself is said to have tried both pressing his tongue to the back of his mouth, in a manner similar to that of the hathayogic khecar?mudr?, and ukkutikappadh?na, a squatting posture which may be related to hathayogic techniques such as mah?mudr?, mah?bandha, mah?vedha, m?labandha, and vajr?sana in which pressure is put on the perineum with the heel, in order to force upwards the breath or Kundalin?."
  138. ↑ Whicher, p. 17.
  139. ↑ Flood, p. 96.
  140. ↑ 140,0 140,1 Jacobsen, p. 10?11.
  141. ↑ Jack Hawley (2011), The Bhagavad Gita, 978-1-60868-014-6 , pages 50, 130; Arvind Sharma (2000), Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-564441-8 , pages 114?122
  142. ↑ 142,0 142,1 142,2 Bibek Debroy (2005), The Bhagavad Gita, Penguin Books, 978-0-14-400068-5 , Introduction, pages x?xi
  143. ↑ Jacobsen, p. 46.; Georg Feuerstein (2011), The Bhagavad Gita ? A New Translation, Shambhala, 978-1-59030-893-6
  144. ↑ 144,0 144,1 Jacobsen, p. 9.
  145. ↑ Wynne, p. 33.
  146. ↑ Original Sanskrit: ???????? ???? ??????? ? ??????????????? | English Translation: Arthasastra Book 1, Chapter 2 Kautiliya, R Shamasastry (Translator), page 9
  147. ↑ Radhankrishnan, Indian Philosophy, London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1971 edition, Volume II, p. 342.
  148. ↑ For yoga acceptance of samkhya concepts, but with addition of a category for God, see: Radhakrishnan and Moore, p. 453.
  149. ↑ Radhankrishnan, Indian Philosophy, London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1971 edition, Volume II, p. 344.
  150. ↑ Muller (1899), Chapter 7, "Yoga Philosophy," p. 104.
  151. ↑ For an overview of the six orthodox schools, with detail on the grouping of schools, see: Radhakrishnan and Moore, "Contents," and pp. 453?487.
  152. ↑ For a brief overview of the yoga school of philosophy see: Chatterjee and Datta, p. 43.
  153. ↑ Werner, p. 24.
  154. ↑ 154,0 154,1 154,2 154,3 Larson, pp. 43?45
  155. ↑ For Patanjali as the founder of the philosophical system called yoga see: Chatterjee and Datta, p. 42.
  156. ↑ Larson, p. 21?22.
  157. ↑ For "raja yoga" as a system for control of the mind and connection to Patanjali's Yoga Sutras as a key work, see: Flood (1996), pp. 96?98.
  158. ↑ For text and word-by-word translation as "Yoga is the inhibition of the modifications of the mind." See: Taimni, p. 6.
  159. ↑ Vivekanada, p. 115.
  160. ↑ Edwin Bryant (2011, Rutgers University), The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali IEP
  161. ↑ Bryant 2009, p. 10.
  162. ↑ Bryant 2009, p. 457.
  163. ↑ Dass, Baba Hari (1999). The Yoga Sytras of Patanjali, A Study Guide for Book I, Samadhi Pada; Translation and Commentary . Santa Cruz, Californnia: Sri Rama Publishing. ?? 5. ISBN   0-918100-20-8 .
  164. ↑ Baba Hari Dass (1999)

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  • De Michelis, Elizabeth (2005). A History of Modern Yoga . Continuum.
  • Kenny, Molly (2001). Integrated Movement Therapy . Continuum.

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