????????????????

????????????? ( ????? ? μικρ?? , ?????? , ???? ? ?ργανισμ?? , ???????? ???????) ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?, ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ^[1] ??? ????????? ? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ? ??? ??????????????, ??? ????? ? 1675 ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????? 2013 ??????? ????????? 8-??, ???????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????, ????? ????? ??????????? 3,48 ??????? ???? ????????? ^[2]^[3]?

????????????????? ??? ?????? ??, ????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ? ???????? , ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? , ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????????? , ????? , ?????????? , ?????????????? ??????? ( ????? ??????? ) ? ?????????? (??????? ????????? ? ??????????? )? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???, ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?, ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ^[4]^[5]? ????????????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????, ???? ???????? ??????? Thiomargarita namibiensis ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ^[6]? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? , ??? ?????? ?????? , ??? ????????????? , ????????? ????????, ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????????

????????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? , ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ????????????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ^[7]?

2013 ??????? ????? 17-?? ????????????? ?????????????, ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ^[8]^[9]? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? 2590 ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? 580 ???? ????????? ??? ^[8]^[10]?

????????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????? , ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ?????????, ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? ^[11]?

??? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

↑ Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (13th ed.). Pearson Education. ?? 1096. ISBN 0-321-73551-X . {{ cite book }}: |author= has generic name ( ?????????? )
↑ Borenstein, Seth (2013 ?? ????????? 13). ≪Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom≫ . AP News . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????????? 15-?? .
↑ Noffke, Nora; Christian, Christian; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (2013 ?? ????????? 8). ≪Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia≫ . Astrobiology (journal) . doi : 10.1089/ast.2013.1030 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????????? 15-?? .
↑ Rybicki EP (1990). ≪The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics≫. S Aft J Sci . 86 : 182?6. ISSN 0038-2353 .
↑ LWOFF A (1956). ≪The concept of virus≫. J. Gen. Microbiol . 17 (2): 239?53. PMID 13481308 .
↑ Max Planck Society Research News Release Accessed 15 September 2012
↑ Christner BC, Morris CE, Foreman CM, Cai R, Sands DC (2008). ≪Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall≫. Science . 319 (5867): 1214. Bibcode : 2008Sci...319.1214C . doi : 10.1126/science.1149757 . PMID 18309078 . {{ cite journal }}: CS1 ????? ???????? ????????: authors list ( link )
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 Choi, Charles Q. (2013 ?? ????? 17). ≪Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth≫ . LiveScience . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????? 17-?? .
↑ Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhofer, Frank; Middleboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (2013 ?? ????? 17). ≪High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth≫ . Nature Geoscience . 6 (4): 284. Bibcode : 2013NatGe...6..284G . doi : 10.1038/ngeo1773 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????? 17-?? .
↑ Oskin, Becky (2013 ?? ????? 14). ≪Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor≫ . LiveScience . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????? 17-?? .
↑ 2002 WHO mortality data Accessed 20 January 2007

[Brock-1] Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (13th ed.). Pearson Education. ?? 1096. ISBN 0-321-73551-X . {{ cite book }}: |author= has generic name ( ?????????? )

[AP-20131113-2] Borenstein, Seth (2013 ?? ????????? 13). ≪Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom≫ . AP News . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????????? 15-?? .

[AST-20131108-3] Noffke, Nora; Christian, Christian; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (2013 ?? ????????? 8). ≪Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia≫ . Astrobiology (journal) . doi : 10.1089/ast.2013.1030 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????????? 15-?? .

[4] Rybicki EP (1990). ≪The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics≫. S Aft J Sci . 86 : 182?6. ISSN 0038-2353 .

[pmid13481308-5] LWOFF A (1956). ≪The concept of virus≫. J. Gen. Microbiol . 17 (2): 239?53. PMID 13481308 .

[6] Max Planck Society Research News Release Accessed 15 September 2012

[7] Christner BC, Morris CE, Foreman CM, Cai R, Sands DC (2008). ≪Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall≫. Science . 319 (5867): 1214. Bibcode : 2008Sci...319.1214C . doi : 10.1126/science.1149757 . PMID 18309078 . {{ cite journal }}: CS1 ????? ???????? ????????: authors list ( link )

[LS-20130317-8] 8,0 ^8,1 Choi, Charles Q. (2013 ?? ????? 17). ≪Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth≫ . LiveScience . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????? 17-?? .

[NG-20130317-9] Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhofer, Frank; Middleboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (2013 ?? ????? 17). ≪High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth≫ . Nature Geoscience . 6 (4): 284. Bibcode : 2013NatGe...6..284G . doi : 10.1038/ngeo1773 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????? 17-?? .

[LS-20130314-10] Oskin, Becky (2013 ?? ????? 14). ≪Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor≫ . LiveScience . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????? 17-?? .

[11] 2002 WHO mortality data Accessed 20 January 2007

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