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???????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? (???????? 17, 2018) ? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ( ????? ??? ?????? ????????? )
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Marco Polo
Դիմանկար
????? ? ?????????? 15 , 1254 [1]
????????? ??????? , ???????? ??????????????? [2]
??????? ? ???????? 8 , 1324 [2] [3] (69 ???????) ??? 1324 [4]
?????? ???? ??????? , ???????? ??????????????? [2]
???????? San Lorenzo, Venice
???????????????   ???????? ???????????????
????? The book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian concerning the kingdoms and marvels of the East ?
??????????????? ????????? , ??????????? ????????? , ????????? , ?????? , world traveler , ???? , ??????????? , ??????????? ? ???????????
??????? Donata Badoer ?
??????? ????? Niccolo Polo ?
???????? Fantina Polo ? ? Agnese ? [5]
 Marco Polo ?????????????

????? ???? ( ????. ? Marco Polo , ?????????? 15 , 1254 [1] , ??????? , ???????? ??????????????? [2] - ???????? 8 , 1324 [2] [3] ??? 1324 [4] , ??????? , ???????? ??????????????? [2] ), ??????? ?????????, ??????????? ? ???? [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] ? 1300 ???????? ?? ???????? ≪??????? ????????? ?????≫ ( ????????? ? Livres des merveilles du monde ) ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ????????????????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????, ????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? 1269 ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????? 24 ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ? ? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? 1299 ???????? ???? ? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????, ??????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? 1324 ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????

????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???, ???? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ????? ? ?? ?????????????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????? ? ??????? 14 - 16-?? ???????? ????????????, ?????????????? ? ???????? ???? ????????????, ??? ???? ? ????????? ?????????? [11] ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????

?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????????, ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ? ???????????? ? ?? ?????, ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ??????? 13-?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? , ????????? , ?????????? , ??????????? , ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ???????????????, ????????????, ?????????? ????????????????? ??????

????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ??????????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ? ??? ???????? ??????? ?

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????? ????? ????? ? 1254 ???????? [12] , ???????? ?????????????????? [13] ? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ? [14] [15] ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??, ?? ?? ????? ? ?????????? 15-?? [16] [17] , ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????????, ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ????????, ?????????? ? 1280 ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ?, ?? ?? ????? ? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?, ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? [12] [15] [18] [19] ? ??? ??????????, ??????, ???????? ??, ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? [13] , ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??, ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ≪??????????? ?????????≫ ? [20] ? ???????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????, ???????? ????? ??, ?? ?? ????? ? ???????? ?????????????????? [15] [21] ? ???????????????? [22] [15] ??? ???????? ????? [23] [15] [24] [25] ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????????

??? ????? ? ??????? ?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1168 ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????????????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????????? [26] [27] ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ? ???????????? ?????? ??????? [26] ? ??? ???????????????????, ??????, ??????????? ????????????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? [28] ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????????? ? ???? ?????? [29] [30] ? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ????????????????? [12] [30] ? 1260 ???????? ??????? ? ??????, ???????? ?????????????????, ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??, ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ?? ???????? [29] ? ??? ≪????? ?????? ??????????????????????≫ ????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????? [31] ? ???????? ?????????, ?? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???

1261 ???????? ??????? VIII ??????????? , ??????? ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ? ???????????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? [32] , ??? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????

????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??, ????? ??? 15 ??????? ???????, ???? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ? ?????????? [33] [34] ? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ? ???????, ???????? ????????????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (?????????? ?????????? ???????) ???? 1269 ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? [33] ? 1271 ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? 17-???? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? 24 ???? ???? 1295 ????????, ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? 15 ????? ???? ??? 24 ????? ?????????

?????????????? ? ?????? ????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??? ??????? ????????, ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ????????, 1592 ??????? ?????????????? ????

1295 ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? [35] ? ????? ?????????????? (??? ????? ??????) [36] ?????? ?? ?????? (??????) ? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? 1296 ???????? ????????? ???? ?????, ??????? ? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ????????????? [37] ? ??? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? [38] [39] , ????? ????? ???? ? ????? 1298 ??????? ???????????, ?????????? ????????????? [40] ? ????????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ?????????????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? [30] , ??? ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ≪????? ?????? ??????????????????????≫? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????????????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? , ?????????? ? ???????? [41] ?

1299 ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ? ????????? [30] ? ??????????? ???????, ????? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? [42] ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ???????? [42] ?

??? ??????????????? ??????????? ? ?? ????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???? [43] ? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? 1300 ??????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ????? [43] ? 1300 ???????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? [44] ? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? (??????????? ? ????? ????????? ???), ?????? (??????????? ? ????????? ??????? ???) ? ?????? [45] [46] ?

1305 ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?? ???????????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????????, ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? [28] ? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ??? 1300 ???????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???, ??? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 1310 ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? (???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????) ? ????? ??????? ???, ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ????????, ?????, ??????, ????? ?????? ??? [28] ? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ? 1305 ???????? ????? 1319 ??????? ?? ???????????, ????? ?????? ??, ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ? 1321 ????????, ??? ?? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? [28] ?

??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1323 ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? [47] ? 1324 ????????, ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? [48] ? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? [48] ? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? , ??? ????????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????????? [48] ? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ????? ??????-?????? ??????, ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????????????????? ??????? [49] ? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ? 100 ?????????? ???? [50] ? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ????????, ?????????? ????????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ????????????, ???? ?? ????????? ?? [48] ? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? 300 ????, ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? [48] ? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????, ??????? ? 220 ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????? [51] ?

????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ??? ??????? ????????? ≪signum manus≫ ????, ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? [50] [52] ? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ????????? ? ???????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? 1324 ??????? ???????? 8-? ? 9-? ????????????? ???? [53] ? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? 1323 ??????? ???????? 9-?, ??? ?????? ???????? 1324 ??????? ??????? ???-?? ?? ?? [52] ?

????? ?????? ?????????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????????????????
????????? ≪?? ????????≫

????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????????????, ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??????? 1938 ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ? 1932 ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ? 50 ??????? ????? ????? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? [54] ? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? 150 ?????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??? [55] ? 1958 ???????? ≪Penguin Books≫-? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????????? [56] ?

≪?? ???????≫ ?????? ???? ?? ????????, ?? ????????? ? 1298-1299 ???????????

????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ??????? , ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ? ≪????? ?????? ??????????????????????≫ (≪?? ??????≫) ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? [57] ? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ???????? ??, ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ? ?????????????????? ????? ??????????????? [58] ?

??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ??????? ? ?????????, ????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??????????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????-??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? [59] , ??? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????????? , ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? [60] ? 1266 ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????? [61] ? ?? ??? ???????????? ? ????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ????? [62] ? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????, ????????? ????? ???????????? ? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? 100 ?????????????, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ? ??????????????, ?????????????, ???????????????, ???????????????, ??????????, ????????????? ? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ? ???, ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? [63] ? ??? ???????????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ? 1268 ???????? ????? Sede Vacante -? ????????? ?????? IV ???? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? 1269-1270 ???????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ???????, 15 ??? 16 ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? [64] ?

1271 ???????? ??????, ????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????-????????????????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? , ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? , ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? [65] ? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ??? ?????? ??????????? 21 ??????? ??, ???????? ????? ???????? ????? [30] ? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??, ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? 1271-? ? 1275 ????? ????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ???? ????????? [29] ?

?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?? ????????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ?, ?? ????? ????? ????????? ? ????????????? ???????? [30] , ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ? ???????, ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? [66] ? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????, ????????, ?? ??? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ???, ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???? ?????????????????? ?????? 1292 ???????? ????????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ? ????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ??????? (???????? ???????????) ???????, 14 ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????

?????? ????????? ? ???? ????????? ??????????? [67] , ??? ???????, ???? ???????? [68] ? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? [69] ? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? (??????? ??????????) ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? [70] ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? [30] ?

???????????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?, ?? ≪????? ?????? ??????????????????????≫ ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?, ????? 1298-1299 ???????????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? [71] ? ?????? ??? ???? ? ??????????, ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????? ≪??????????≫ ?? ??????? [71] ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????????????????????? ? ?? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????, ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ≪????????? ? ????????????, ????????? ? ???????????≫? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? [72] ? ?????? ???????? ?, ?? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ?????, ??? ????????????? ???? ? ???, ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????????? ???????? [73] ?

????????????? ? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ????????????????? ????, ???????? ???????????????? ??? ??????????? ???? [74] ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???, ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????????????? ????????, ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????????????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????, ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ≪???????????, ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????≫ [74] ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????, ??????, ?? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? , ??? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????????? [75] (??? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????) [76] ? ?????? ????????? ??, ?????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???, ?? ???????? ????????? ? ???, ???????? ??? ????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??, ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????, ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?, ??? ?????????? (?????) ??? ???? ?? ?????? [75] ? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???????????? ????????? ≪????????≫ ??????????? ?? ??????????, ???? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ? ????????????????????, ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??? ????????? ??, ??? ?????????????? ?? ???-?? ?????? ?????????????? (???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ????????), ?? ????????? ?, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?, ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ??????, ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??,??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ? ???????? ??, ?? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? [77] ?

????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ??? ??????????? ????????????????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ???????????????, ??????????? ? ????????????, ????? ?? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??-??????? ??????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ?, ?? ???? ?? ?????? ≪??????? ??????≫? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??, ??????, ????????? ? ???????? (????????) ?????????, ????? ????? ????? ?, ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ? 14-?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????, ??? ????????? ?, ?? ?????? 13-?? ???? ??????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ? ???-?????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ??????????? , ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ???? ???, ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????

?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? IV ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ≪?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????????≫, ?? 1245 ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????
??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????, 1246 ???????? ??????????? IV ????? ????????? ?????? ???
?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? IV ?????, 1290 ??????
????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????, ?????????? VIII ????? ??????? ?????? ???

???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????????, ?? ???????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ????????? , ?????? ?????? , ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? , ????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? [78] ? 17-?? ???? ???????, ??? ??? 18-?? ???? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????, ????????, ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? [75] ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ?????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????????????, ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????????? ???, ????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? [79] [80] ? 1995 ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ≪??????? ? ????? ????? ????????≫ ?????? ?????? ?, ?? ????? ???????????? (???????? ????) ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ?? ?????? ≪????????? ??????≫ ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????, ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? [81] ? ????? ?????? ?, ?? ?????? ????????? ?, ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? [81] ?

???? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?, ?? ??? ???? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ? ???, ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?, ??? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??, ????? ?????????? ?????????????, ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? [82] ? ????? ???????????, ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? , ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? , ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????, ?? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ??????? ? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? [82] ?

??? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ??? ????? ???? ?, ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????, ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ?, ?? ????? ? ???? ?? ???????? ? ???? ???????????, ?? ???????? ???? ? ??? ????? [83] ? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ????????? ??? ????????, ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? [84] ? ????? ????, ???????? ?????????, ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? [82] ? ??? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? [85] ? ????? ????? ? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ??????????????, ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ?, ??? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????????????? [86] ? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??????? ?????????? , ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? [87] ?

??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ????????????, ?????? ??????, ????????? ???????? ???? ???????, ??????? ??, ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? [88] , ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?, ?? ??? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? [73] ? ≪????????? ??????≫ ????? ?????? ?, ?? ???? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? [88] ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?, ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??-??, ??? ????? ( ????????? ????? ?????, ?? ????????? ? ≪???????≫) [80] ? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??, ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ? ??? ???? ????????????? ???????????????? [88] ? ????? ?????? ? ???, ?? ???? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? [88] ? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??, ?? ????? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? [80] ? ?????? ?????, ??????????????, ???????????? ??? ?????, ????? ?, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? [89] ? ?? ?????????? ?, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????, ??? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ???????? [90] ? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ? ??????, ?? ??? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ????? ??????? ? ?? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? [89] ?

??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??????, ?? ?????????? ? ?? ???????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????, ?? ??? ????? 24 ?????, ?????? ??? ????? 11 ??? 13 ????? [85] ? ?? ??? ????? ?, ?? ???????? ?????? ????? 12 ??????, ??? ????? 11-? ??? [91] ? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? 1274 ? 1281 ???????????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? [92] ?

???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?, ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ? 15-?? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ??-???? ≪????????????????? ?????????≫ ??????????? ??????? ??????????????, ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? [93] ? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ≪????? ?????????? ??????????≫ ????????? ???? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?, ?? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ? ?? ????????? ??????, ??? ????? ??-???? ????????? ??????? [94] ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?, ?? ????????? ???? ????????, ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ??, ?????? ? ?????? 1310-1311 ??????????? ????, ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???, ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????? [85] ?

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ????? ?, ?? ???? ?? ≪????????? ??????≫ ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ≪?????? ?????????????≫ ?, ??????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ≪????? ??? ???????? ? ??????????, ??? ??????????≫ ? ???????????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ? ????? ????????, ?? ?? ?????????????? ????? ? ????????, ???????? ??? ??????????? ? ?? ???? ?????????????? ?????? [95] ? ????? ????? ? 17-?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? [96] ? ????? ????? ?. ≪??? ????? ?????? ?, ??? ?? ???????????????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????≫ [97] ? 2012 ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ? ?????????, ?? ?? ???? ? ???????????, ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? [98] [99] ? ?????? ????? ?, ?? ?? ?? ????? ????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ??? ???, ???????, ???????? ????????????, ????????? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? [100] ? ??? ???????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? [101] ? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?, ?? ?????? ≪????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????≫? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? [102] ?

?????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???
??? ???????? ???????, ??????????? 1450 ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????

??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ???????????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????, ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? [11] ? ????? ?? ????? , ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????, ???? ?????? ?????-????? ??????????? ????? ? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????????????, ??? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? 1605 ????????, ??????? ??? ???? ???, ???????????, ?? ≪??????≫ ??? ?????? ?, ??? ????? ????? (1552?1610) ????? ?? ????????? [103] ?

???????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???, ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????????? ??? ????????????????????? [104] ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? 1453 ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????

??? ???????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ?, ??? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ? ???????????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????
- ??????? ??????? ???????? [104]

??? ????? ?? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????, ?? ? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ? ???????? ?????? [105] ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? , ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ?????

??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1982 ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????

??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? [106] ?????? ? ? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????, 1271 ????????? 1851 ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??, ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? [107] ? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ? ≪????? ?????? ????????????≫ [108] ?

??????, ??????, ???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]
  • ≪????? ?????? ??????????????????????≫ (1938 ?.)
  • ≪????? ????≫ (1961 ?.)
????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]
  • ≪????? ????≫ ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?, ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? [109] [110] , ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??????????, ??? ?????????
  • ≪??????????????? ??????????????≫ ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ? ???????? [111] ?
????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????????

  • ?????? ?????? ???-???? ????? ????? ????? (1921 ?.) [112]
  • ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? (1972 ?.)
  • ???? ??????? ???????????? (1984 ?.)
?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]
  • ???????? ?????????? ≪????? ????≫ ??????????? (1982 ?.), ??? ??????? ?????????????, ????????? ? ????? ????? [113] [114] ?
  • ≪????? ????≫ ??????????????? ????? (2007 ?.), ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? , ?????????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? [115] ?
  • ????? ?????? ???????? (2009 ?.) ???????????? ????, ??? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? [116] ?
  • ????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? 2014 ??????? ????????????

??? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Marco Polo // Encyclopedie Larousse en ligne   (??.)
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 Maraini F., Peters E. Encyclopædia Britannica
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana Enciclopedia on line   (????.)
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Историческая энциклопедия Сибири   (????.) / под ред. В. А. Ламин ? Новосибирск : 2009. ? ISBN 5-8402-0230-4
  5. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/07/marco-polo-had-previously-unknown-daughter-prior-to-marriage-will-suggests
  6. ↑ ≪Marco Polo - Exploration - HISTORY.com≫ . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ???????? 9-?? .
  7. ↑ ≪Marco Polo - New World Encyclopedia≫ . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ???????? 9-?? .
  8. ↑ ≪BBC - History - Historic Figures: Marco Polo (c.1254 - 1324)≫ . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ???????? 9-?? .
  9. ↑ William Tait , Christian Isobel Johnstone (1843), Tait's Edinburgh magazine , Volume 10 , Edinburgh
  10. ↑ Hinds, Kathryn (2002), Venice and Its Merchant Empire , New York {{ citation }} : CS1 ????? location missing publisher ( link )
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Landstrom 1967 , ??. 27
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Italiani nel sistema solare di Michele T. Mazzucato
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Puljiz-?ostik, 2015 , ?? 5
  14. ↑ Puljiz-?ostik, 2015 , ?? 5?6
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 Pekli?, Ivan (2011). ≪Marko Polo - Svjetski Putnik≫ [Marco Polo - The World Traveler]. Metodi?ki ogledi (Croatian). Kri?evci: Ivan Zakmardi Dijankove?ki Gymnasium. 17 (1?2): 50. ≪Birthplace of Marco Polo is archivally undetermined, but it is assumed that his ancestors came from Dalmatia. There are many scientific discussions on the subject in which as the birthplace mention Kor?ula, Venice or Constantinople...≫ {{ cite journal }} : CS1 ????? ????????? ????? ( link )
  16. ↑ Marco Polo: The Connection with Greek Spirit, Gregory Zorzos - 2009 .
  17. ↑ Marco Polo, Jim Ollhoff, 2014 .
  18. ↑ Puljiz-?ostik, 2015 , ?? 5?16
  19. ↑ Bettinelli, Giuseppe (1780). Dizionario Storico-Portatile Di Tutte Le Venete Patrizie Famiglie [ Historical Dictionary Of All-Portable Venetian Patrician Families ] (Italian). Venice. ?? 126. ≪ Vennero dalla Dalmazia ≫ {{ cite book }} : CS1 ????? ????????? ????? ( link )
  20. ↑ Olga Orli? (Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia), The curious case of Marco Polo from Kor?ula: An example of invented tradition , Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2013, Pages 20?28
  21. ↑ Bergreen 2007 , ??. 25 ( online copy pp. 24?25 )
  22. ↑ Puljiz-?ostik, 2015 , ?? 14
  23. ↑ Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 24
  24. ↑ Marco Polo and the Silk Road to China by Michael Burgan, Compass Point Books, 0756501806 , p. 7
  25. ↑ Timothy Brook, The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties , 2010, 9780674046023 , p. 24
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 25
  27. ↑ Rugoff, Milton (2015). Marco Polo . New Word City. ISBN   9781612308388 .
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 Pave?kovi?, Anđelko (1998). Putopisac Marko Polo [ Travel writer Marco Polo ]. Split. ???? 38?66. {{ cite book }} : |journal= ignored ( ?????????? ) CS1 ????? location missing publisher ( link )
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 Britannica 2002 , ??. 571
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 30,4 30,5 30,6 Parker 2004 , ????. 648?649
  31. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ch.1?9
  32. ↑ Zorzi, Alvise, Vita di Marco Polo veneziano, Rusconi Editore, 1982
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 36
  34. ↑ Puljiz-?ostik, 2015 , ?? 24
  35. ↑ Nicol 1992, p. 219
  36. ↑ Yule, The Travels of Marco Polo , London, 1870: reprinted by Dover, New York, 1983.
  37. ↑ According to fr. Jacopo d'Aqui, Chronica mundi libri imaginis
  38. ↑ Polo, Marco; Latham, Ronald (translator) (1958). The Travels of Marco Polo , p. 16. New York: Penguin Books. 0-14-044057-7 .
  39. ↑ Puljiz-?ostik, 2015 , ?? 8, 12, 28?36
  40. ↑ Puljiz-?ostik, 2015 , ?? 28?36
  41. ↑ Bram 1983
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 332
  43. ↑ 43,0 43,1 Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 333
  44. ↑ Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 332?333
  45. ↑ Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 333, 338
  46. ↑ Power 2007 , ??. 87
  47. ↑ Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 339
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 48,2 48,3 48,4 Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 340
  49. ↑ Britannica 2002 , ??. 573
  50. ↑ 50,0 50,1 Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 341
  51. ↑ Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 340?341
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1 Biblioteca Marciana, the institute that holds Polo's original copy of his testament. Venezia.sbn.it
  53. ↑ Bergreen, 2007 , ?? 342
  54. ↑ Bergreen 2007 , ????. 367?368
  55. ↑ Edwards , ??. 1
  56. ↑ The Travels of Marco Polo. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex; New York: Penguin Books, Penguin Classics, 1958; rpr. 1982 etc.) 0140440577 .
  57. ↑ ^ Marco Polo, Il Milione, Adelphi 2001, 88-459-1032-6 , Prefazione di Bertolucci Pizzorusso Valeria, pp. X?XXI.
  58. ↑ ^ Larner John, Marco Polo and the discovery of the world, Yale University Press, 1999, 0-300-07971-0 pp. 68?87.
  59. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ch. 2
  60. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ch. 3
  61. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ch. 5
  62. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ch. 6
  63. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ch. 7
  64. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ch. 9
  65. ↑ Zelenyj, Alexander, Marco Polo: Overland to China , Crabtree Publishing Company (2005) Chapter: Along the Silk Road. 978-0778724537
  66. ↑ W. Marsden (2004), Thomas Wright (ed.), The Travels of Marco Polo, The Venetian (1298) (PDF) , ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2009 ?? ???????? 19-?? , ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 21-??
  67. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ??. 281, vol. 3 ch. 8
  68. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ??. 286, vol. 3 ch. 9
  69. ↑ Yule & Cordier 1923 , ??. 373, vol. 3 ch. 21
  70. ↑ Boyle, J. A. (1971). Marco Polo and his Description of the World. History Today . Vol. 21, No. 11. Historyoftoday.com
  71. ↑ 71,0 71,1 Latham, Ronald "Introduction" pages 7?20 from The Travels of Marco Polo , London: Folio Society, 1958 page 11.
  72. ↑ Latham, Ronald "Introduction" pages 7?20 from The Travels of Marco Polo , London: Folio Society, 1958 pages 11?12.
  73. ↑ 73,0 73,1 Latham, Ronald "Introduction" pages 7?20 from The Travels of Marco Polo, London: Folio Society, 1958 page 12.
  74. ↑ 74,0 74,1 Na Chang. ≪Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues≫ . Reviews in History .
  75. ↑ 75,0 75,1 75,2 Haw, Stephen G. Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan . Routledge. ?? 1. ISBN   9781134275427 .
  76. ↑ Haw, Stephen G. Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan . Routledge. ???? 83?123. ISBN   9781134275427 .
  77. ↑ Haw, Stephen G. Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan . Routledge. ???? 66?67. ISBN   9781134275427 .
  78. ↑ Frances Wood, Did Marco Polo Go to China? (London: Secker & Warburg; Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1995).
  79. ↑ Haeger, John W. (1978). ≪Marco Polo in China? Problems with Internal Evidence≫. Bulletin of Sung and Yuan Studies . 14 : 22?30. JSTOR   23497510 .
  80. ↑ 80,0 80,1 80,2 Franke, Herbert (1966). ≪Sino-Western Contacts Under the Mongol Empire≫. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 6 : 49?72. JSTOR   23881433 .
  81. ↑ 81,0 81,1 Morgan, D.O "Marco Polo in China-Or Not" 221-225 from The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 6, Issue # 2 July 1996 page 222.
  82. ↑ 82,0 82,1 82,2 Haw, Stephen G. (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan , Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, ???? 52?57, ISBN   0-415-34850-1
  83. ↑ Ebrey, Patricia. Women and the Family in Chinese History . Routledge. ?? 196. ISBN   9781134442935 .
  84. ↑ Haw, Stephen G. Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan . Routledge. ???? 55?56. ISBN   9781134275427 .
  85. ↑ 85,0 85,1 85,2 Igor de Rachewiltz. ≪F. Wood's Did Marco Polo Go To China? A Critical Appraisal by I. de Rachewiltz≫ .
  86. ↑ Haw, Stephen G. Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan . Routledge. ???? 65?66. ISBN   9781134275427 .
  87. ↑ Cotterell, Arthur. Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415-1999 . John Wiley & Sons. ?? 9. ISBN   9780470824894 .
  88. ↑ 88,0 88,1 88,2 88,3 Morgan, D.O "Marco Polo in China-Or Not" 221-225 from The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 6, Issue # 2 July 1996 page 223.
  89. ↑ 89,0 89,1 Stephen G. Haw (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Kublai Khan , London & New York: Routledge, p. 173, 0-415-34850-1 .
  90. ↑ Stephen G. Haw (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Kublai Khan , London & New York: Routledge, pp 3-4, 0-415-34850-1 .
  91. ↑ Stephen G. Haw (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Kublai Khan , London & New York: Routledge, p 73, 0-415-34850-1 .
  92. ↑ ≪Explorer Marco Polo 'never actually went to China≫ . The Daily Telegraph . 2011 ?? ???????? 9.
  93. ↑ Francis Woodman Cleaves (1976). ≪A Chinese Source Bearing on Marco Polo's Departure from China and a Persian Source on his Arrival in Persia≫ . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 36 : 181?203. JSTOR   2718743 .
  94. ↑ Morgan, D.O (1996 ?? ??????). ≪Marco Polo in China-Or Not" 221-225≫. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 6 (2): 224. JSTOR   25183182 .
  95. ↑ Morgan, D.O "Marco Polo in China-Or Not" 221?225 from The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 6, Issue # 2 July 1996 pages 225.
  96. ↑ Stephen G. Haw (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Kublai Khan , London & New York: Routledge, pp 1-2, 0-415-34850-1 .
  97. ↑ Stephen G. Haw (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Kublai Khan , London & New York: Routledge, pp 2-3, 0-415-34850-1 .
  98. ↑ Hans Ulrich Vogel (2012 ?? ????????? 21). Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues . BRILL. ISBN   978-9004231931 .
  99. ↑ ≪Marco Polo was not a swindler ? he really did go to China≫ . University of Tubingen . Alpha Galileo. 2012 ?? ?????? 16. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2012 ?? ?????? 3-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????????? 20-?? .
  100. ↑ ≪Marco Polo Did Go to China, New Research Shows (and the History of Paper)≫ . The New Observer . 2013 ?? ??????? 31. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2017 ?? ???????? 4-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????????? 20-?? .
  101. ↑ ≪Marco Polo was not a swindler: He really did go to China≫ . Science Daily .
  102. ↑ Hans Ulrich Vogel (2012 ?? ????????? 21). Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues . BRILL. ?? xix. ISBN   978-9004231931 .
  103. ↑ Winchester 2008 , ??. 264
  104. ↑ 104,0 104,1 Falchetta 2006 , ??. 592
  105. ↑ Klein, Christopher (2014 ?? ?????????? 30). ≪Did Marco Polo Visit Alaska?≫ . History.
  106. ↑ Bergreen 2007 , ??. 74
  107. ↑ Lubbock 2008 , ??. 86
  108. ↑ Brennan, D. (2009 ?? ???????? 1), Lost in Venice , WalesOnline, ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ???????? 30-?? , ??????? ? 2009 ?? ??????? 15-??
  109. ↑ Bittarello, Maria Beatrice (2009). ≪Marco Polo≫. In Rodney P. Carlisle (ed.). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society . SAGE. ISBN   1-4129-6670-1 .
  110. ↑ Jeffrey, Phillip; Mike Blackstock; Matthias Finke; Anthony Tang; Rodger Lea; Meghan Deutscher; Kento Miyaoku. ≪Chasing the Fugitive on Campus: Designing a Location-based Game for Collaborative Play≫ . Proceedings of CGSA 2006 Symposium . Canadian Games Study Association.
  111. ↑ ≪Civilization Revolution: Great People≫ . CivFanatics . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2011 ?? ????? 17-?? . ??????? ? 2009 ?? ?????????? 4-?? .
  112. ↑ Donn-Byrne, Brian Oswald (1921). Messer Marco Polo .
  113. ↑ Academy of Television Arts & Sciences , ?????????? ? ?????????? 2008 ?? ????? 30-?? , ??????? ? 2009 ?? ??????? 6-?? (Searching for "Marco Polo", and year 1982)
  114. ↑ ≪Marco Polo≫ . IMDb TV miniseries . 1982.
  115. ↑ ≪Marco Polo≫ . IMDb TV miniseries . 2007.
  116. ↑ ≪In the footsteps of Marco Polo (PBS)≫ . WLIW.org . 2009. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2010 ?? ?????????? 2-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????????? 21-?? .

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