??????? ???????

??????? ??????? ; ???. ? Manuel Noriega
????? ?	???????? 11 , 1934
?????????	?????? , ?????? ??? ??????
??????? ?	?????? 29 , 2017 (83 ???????)
?????? ????	?????? , ?????? ??? ??????
???????????????	??????
????	?????????????? ? ????????????????
??????????	Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation ? ? Chorrillos Military School ?
???????????????	????????? ?????? , ???????? ?????? , ????????? ? ???????? ???????
??????????????	Democratic Revolutionary Party ?
???????? ? ; ??????????
	Manuel Noriega ?????????????

??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ^[9] ( ????????? ??????????????? [ma?nwel no??je?a] ???????? 11 , 1934 ( 1934-02-11 ) ^[1]^[2], ?????? , ?????? ^[3] ? ?????? ^[4] - ?????? 29 , 2017 ( 2017-05-29 ) ^[5]^[1]^[2], ?????? , ?????? ? ?????? ^[4]) ^[10], ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? 1983-?? 1989 ??????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ^[11]?

1950-????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ? ??? ???-? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ?????????????? ???-? ???? ? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ??????` ????????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]?

1988 ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? 1989 ???????? ???-? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? 1992 ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ????? ????????? ???????, ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ??????? , ???? ?????????? 40 ????? ??????????? (??? ?????????? ???????? 30 ?????)?

???????? ??? ?????? ??????? 2007 ??????? ??????????? ^[16], ? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????, ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ????? 2010 ??????? ?????? 27-?? ^[17] ? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ^[18]? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? 2011 ??????? ?????????? 23-?? ? ????????????? ?????????, ????? ???? ??????? ?? 20 ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? 2017 ??????? ?????? 29-?? ^[19], ????????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??? ^[20]?

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 Bibliotheque nationale de France data.bnf.fr (??.) : ????????? ??? ???????? ? 2011.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 ^2,4 Munzinger Personen (????.)
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418188/Manuel-Noriega
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 ^4,3 ^4,4 ^4,5 ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (????.)
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 La Nacion (???.) ? 2017. ? ed. size: 159486 ? ISSN 0325-0946
↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/10/us/noriega-verdict-us-jury-convicts-noriega-drug-trafficking-role-leader-panama.html
↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/06/magazine/on-language-hit-my-hot-button.html
↑ http://www.nndb.com/lists/506/000063317/
↑ Boyd Marciacq, Carmen. ≪Noriega: el dictator≫ . El Silo . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ???????? 8-?? . (???????? ?????)
↑ ≪Panama ex-strongman Manuel Noriega dies≫ . BBC . 2017 ?? ?????? 30.
↑ Serrill, Michael S. (2001 ?? ???????? 24). ≪Panama Noriega's Money Machine≫ . Time . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ??????? 2-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 30-?? .
↑ Ghosh, Bobby. ≪Who's Who on the CIA Payroll≫ . Time . ≪the most infamous CIA asset of them all was the former dictator of Panama ... He had agency connections going back to the 1950s, but the relationship solidified in the 1970s, when he was on the payroll. Upon taking power, he allowed the U.S. to set up listening posts in Panama and is believed to have served as a conduit for U.S. funds to Nicaraguan contra rebels fighting the leftist Sandinista government. The U.S. looked the other way as Noriega established what would be described as a "narco-kleptocracy," but the relationship eventually soured and the U.S. invasion of 1989 ended his rule.≫
↑ Tisdall, Simon (2010 ?? ?????? 28). ≪Why Manuel Noriega became America's most wanted≫ . The Guardian . London.
↑ Tran, Mark (2010 ?? ?????? 27). ≪Manuel Noriega: from US friend to foe≫ . The Guardian . London. ≪Noriega was recruited as a CIA informant while studying at a military academy in Peru. He received intelligence and counterintelligence training at the School of the Americas at Fort Gulick, Panama, in 1967, as well as a course in psychological operations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He was to remain on the CIA payroll until February 1988 ... Noriega made himself valuable to the US during the Contra wars when he allowed the US to set up listening posts in Panama and by helping the US campaign against the leftist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua. Noriega allowed Panama to be used as a conduit for US money and weapons for the Contras as then US president Ronald Reagan sought to undermine the Sandinistas. But Noriega's increasing brutality turned him into a liability, especially after the assassination of Hugo Spadafora, a political opponent who was found beheaded in 1985.≫
↑ Cockburn, Alexander; St-Clair, Jeffrey (1998). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press . Verso Books. ???? 289 ?290. ISBN 1-85984-258-5 . ≪Actually the US had known about Noriega's drug trafficking since at least the late 1960s, and there was a history across nearly three decades of US military and intelligence agencies shielding Noriega from criminal investigation. He had been recruited by the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1959 and began working for the CIA in 1967.≫
↑ ≪Extradition fight halts former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega's release from US prison≫ . International Herald Tribune . Associated Press. 2007 ?? ?????????? 9.
↑ Zamorano, Juan (2010 ?? ?????? 27). ≪Noriega extradition to France angers abuse victims≫ . Boston.com . Associated Press . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ?????? 27-?? .
↑ ≪French court hands Noriega 7-year prison term≫ . The Washington Times . Associated Press. 2010 ?? ??????? 7.
↑ "Muere el exdictador de Panama Manuel Noriega" El Periodico de Catalunya May 30, 2017
↑ The Telegraph Manuel Noriega dies in prison aged 83

??????????? ???? ???????, ????? ?????????? ?? ≪??????? ???????≫ ?????????

[_1044b6edec55285f-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 Bibliotheque nationale de France data.bnf.fr (??.) : ????????? ??? ???????? ? 2011.

[_ba92dff6ff44e16d-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 ^2,4 Munzinger Personen (????.)

[_3d662e2ac2744163-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418188/Manuel-Noriega

[_7e71f5aebb2fcaf2-4] 4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 ^4,3 ^4,4 ^4,5 ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (????.)

[_60369adb6ae23538-5] 5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 La Nacion (???.) ? 2017. ? ed. size: 159486 ? ISSN 0325-0946

[_5734403109705343-6] ttp://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/10/us/noriega-verdict-us-jury-convicts-noriega-drug-trafficking-role-leader-panama.html

[_1aaf0f2eeb1f0edf-7] ttp://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/06/magazine/on-language-hit-my-hot-button.html

[_4382ef2ca500e5a3-8] ttp://www.nndb.com/lists/506/000063317/

[9] Boyd Marciacq, Carmen. ≪Noriega: el dictator≫ . El Silo . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ???????? 8-?? . (???????? ?????)

[10] ≪Panama ex-strongman Manuel Noriega dies≫ . BBC . 2017 ?? ?????? 30.

[t-11] Serrill, Michael S. (2001 ?? ???????? 24). ≪Panama Noriega's Money Machine≫ . Time . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ??????? 2-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 30-?? .

[Ghosh-2009-12] Ghosh, Bobby. ≪Who's Who on the CIA Payroll≫ . Time . ≪the most infamous CIA asset of them all was the former dictator of Panama ... He had agency connections going back to the 1950s, but the relationship solidified in the 1970s, when he was on the payroll. Upon taking power, he allowed the U.S. to set up listening posts in Panama and is believed to have served as a conduit for U.S. funds to Nicaraguan contra rebels fighting the leftist Sandinista government. The U.S. looked the other way as Noriega established what would be described as a "narco-kleptocracy," but the relationship eventually soured and the U.S. invasion of 1989 ended his rule.≫

[Tisdall-2010-13] Tisdall, Simon (2010 ?? ?????? 28). ≪Why Manuel Noriega became America's most wanted≫ . The Guardian . London.

[14] Tran, Mark (2010 ?? ?????? 27). ≪Manuel Noriega: from US friend to foe≫ . The Guardian . London. ≪Noriega was recruited as a CIA informant while studying at a military academy in Peru. He received intelligence and counterintelligence training at the School of the Americas at Fort Gulick, Panama, in 1967, as well as a course in psychological operations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He was to remain on the CIA payroll until February 1988 ... Noriega made himself valuable to the US during the Contra wars when he allowed the US to set up listening posts in Panama and by helping the US campaign against the leftist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua. Noriega allowed Panama to be used as a conduit for US money and weapons for the Contras as then US president Ronald Reagan sought to undermine the Sandinistas. But Noriega's increasing brutality turned him into a liability, especially after the assassination of Hugo Spadafora, a political opponent who was found beheaded in 1985.≫

[15] Cockburn, Alexander; St-Clair, Jeffrey (1998). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press . Verso Books. ???? 289 ?290. ISBN 1-85984-258-5 . ≪Actually the US had known about Noriega's drug trafficking since at least the late 1960s, and there was a history across nearly three decades of US military and intelligence agencies shielding Noriega from criminal investigation. He had been recruited by the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1959 and began working for the CIA in 1967.≫

[XFman-16] ≪Extradition fight halts former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega's release from US prison≫ . International Herald Tribune . Associated Press. 2007 ?? ?????????? 9.

[17] Zamorano, Juan (2010 ?? ?????? 27). ≪Noriega extradition to France angers abuse victims≫ . Boston.com . Associated Press . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ?????? 27-?? .

[AP_2010-18] ≪French court hands Noriega 7-year prison term≫ . The Washington Times . Associated Press. 2010 ?? ??????? 7.

[19] "Muere el exdictador de Panama Manuel Noriega" El Periodico de Catalunya May 30, 2017

[20] The Telegraph Manuel Noriega dies in prison aged 83

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]