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????? ( ???? ? ???? , ??????? ? ???? ), ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????? ( ????? ) ? ????? ( ???? ????????????) , ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ^[1], ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ???? ???????????? 2.219 ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? 150 ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? 190 ?????? ^[2] ( ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ? ????????? ^[3]):

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ^[4]? 11-?? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????

?????? ?????????? , ??????????? , ??????? ?????? III -? ??????, ?? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ?????-??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?? ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ???????????????, ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ( ??????? , ?????????????????? , ????????? ) ??????? ??????? ??????? ^[5]^[6]? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???????????, ?????????????? ( ???????? , ?? ??????? , ?????????? ? ????), 17-18-?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? (1633-1733)? 2013 ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????-????-??????????? ????????????????? (ISESCO-?) ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ^[7]?

2021 ??????? ???????? 12 -?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] (?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????????????)?

????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ??????????? ????????? 2015 ??????? 143.379-?? ^[12] 2018 ???????? ????? ? ??????????? 270.000-?. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ^[13]?

?????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ??????????? 50%-? ???????? ??, 25%-?? ?????????? , 20%-?? ???????? ^[14]^[15]?

????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? (Koppen climate classification-? ????????????? BSk ) ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ( Dsa ) ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????, ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????

?????? ?????????? ?????????
????	?????	???	????	???	???	????	????	????	???	???	???	???	????
?????????? ????? °C (°F)	16.0 (60.8)	17.8 (64)	24.8 (76.6)	28.0 (82.4)	33.0 (91.4)	36.3 (97.3)	36.7 (98.1)	35.6 (96.1)	32.5 (90.5)	29.9 (85.8)	21.2 (70.2)	16.6 (61.9)	36.7 (98.1)
????? ????? °C (°F)	0.6 (33.1)	2.3 (36.1)	10.0 (50)	18.0 (64.4)	23.7 (74.7)	29.2 (84.6)	30.8 (87.4)	30.5 (86.9)	26.5 (79.7)	19.0 (66.2)	12.6 (54.7)	5.4 (41.7)	17.38 (63.29)
????? ?????? °C (°F)	?5.9 (21.4)	?4.4 (24.1)	3.8 (38.8)	11.0 (51.8)	16.3 (61.3)	21.4 (70.5)	23.3 (73.9)	22.2 (72)	16.9 (62.4)	10.3 (50.5)	4.0 (39.2)	?1.8 (28.8)	9.76 (49.56)
????? ???? °C (°F)	?10.6 (12.9)	?9.0 (15.8)	?1.5 (29.3)	4.2 (39.6)	8.1 (46.6)	12.4 (54.3)	15.1 (59.2)	14.1 (57.4)	8.3 (46.9)	2.2 (36)	?2.5 (27.5)	?6.6 (20.1)	2.85 (37.13)
?????????? ???? °C (°F)	?33.5 (?28.3)	?29.2 (?20.6)	?17.5 (0.5)	?5.8 (21.6)	0.0 (32)	5.0 (41)	7.7 (45.9)	2.0 (35.6)	?3.5 (25.7)	?6.0 (21.2)	?13.8 (7.2)	?33.2 (?27.8)	?33.5 (?28.3)
????????? ?? (??????)	40.2 (1.583)	53.9 (2.122)	70.9 (2.791)	49.9 (1.965)	19.7 (0.776)	1.9 (0.075)	14.1 (0.555)	4.7 (0.185)	0.5 (0.02)	4.1 (0.161)	11.3 (0.445)	25.8 (1.016)	297 (11.694)
???. ??????? ????	1	2	7	9	6	1	3	2	0	1	2	1	35
???. ?????? ????	6	7	4	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	5	24
% ????????????	68	72	64	55	43	36	43	39	35	42	52	60	50.8
????? ??????? ??????? ???	175.3	174.8	227.6	258.6	314.3	346.2	353.2	341.8	324.5	293.9	256.4	194.6	3261,2
???????: NOAA (1958?1983) ^[16]

????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? , ??????????, ??? ^[17]
??????? , ???????? ^[18]

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ?????? (2010)
??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????????
?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? (973?1048) ?????????
?????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? 12-?? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??????? (1118?1152) ???????? ^[19].

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

↑ ≪?AZN? ? Encyclopaedia Iranica≫ . iranicaonline.org . ??????? ? 2021 ?? ???????? 22-?? .
↑ ≪Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22≫ (PDF) . National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). 2021 ?? ?????. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2021 ?? ??????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2021 ?? ??????? 21-?? .
↑ Central Statistics Organization of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2013). ≪Recensement de la province de Ghazni - 2010-2012≫ (PDF) (?????????). ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2013 ?? ?????????? 16-?? . ??????? ? 8 novembre 2016-?? .
↑ Lee, Jonathan (2018 ?? ????????? 12). Afghanistan, A History From 1260 To The Present Day . New Zealand: Reaktion Books. ?? 29. ISBN 9781789140101 .
↑ Richards, J.F. (1974). ≪The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia≫. Journal of South Asian Studies . 4 (1): 91?109. doi : 10.1080/00856407408730690 .
↑ Gnoli, Zoroaster’s Time and Homeland, pp. 26?39
↑ ≪Ghazni To Be Islamic Capital Of Culture≫ . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ????? 31-?? .
↑ ≪Taliban take strategic Ghazni city as Afghan army chief is replaced≫ . The Guardian . 2021 ?? ???????? 12.
↑ Varshalomidze, Tamila (2021 ?? ???????? 12). ≪Taliban captures Ghazni city, all government officials flee: Live≫ . Al Jazeera English .
↑ ≪Taliban move closer to capital after taking Ghazni city≫ . France24. 2021 ?? ???????? 12 . ??????? ? 2021 ?? ???????? 12-?? .
↑ Taliban Capture Ghazni City, 150 Km From Afghan Capital: Official . NDTV (AFP), 12. August 2021.
↑ The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015 . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ?????????? 31-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 21-?? .
↑ Afghan City Gauges Toll After Taliban Siege . Wall Street Journal .
↑ ≪UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region, District Profile≫ (PDF) . ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2007 ?? ?????????? 28-?? . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ??????? 15-?? .
↑ ≪2003 National Geographic Population Map≫ (PDF) . Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor . National Geographic Society . 2003. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2017 ?? ?????????? 12-?? . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????? 11-?? .
↑ ≪Ghazni Climate Normals 1958-1983≫ . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 17-?? .
↑ Sister Cities International ?????????? 2008-10-07 Wayback Machine
↑ Co Gi?ycko ł?czy z Ghazni? ?????????? 2013-11-11 Wayback Machine
↑ Bahram Shah Minarett. ArchNet (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven) i Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prufe den Link gemaß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis

????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

19-?? ???? ??????????????????

G. T. Vigne (1843). ≪Ghuzni≫ . A Personal Narrative of a Visit to Ghuzni, Kabul and Afghanistan (2nd ed.). London: G. Routledge. OCLC 6388460 .
Edward Balfour (1885). ≪Ghazni≫ . Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.). London: B. Quaritch.

20-?? ???? ??????????????????

≪Ghazni≫ . Encyclopædia Britannica (????????). Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. ???? 917?918.

21-?? ???? ??????????????????

C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). ≪Ghazna≫. Historic Cities of the Islamic World . Leiden: Koninklijke Brill .
≪Ghazna≫. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture . Oxford University Press. 2009.
Col James Tod's "Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan" Vol. II, Annals of Jaisalmer, page 200,

??????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

Map of Ghazni district
Ghazni.info ?????????? 2021-02-24 Wayback Machine
Ghazni.org
1911 encyclopedia entry
The City Of Ghazni Wayback Machine (?????????? ???? 13, 2008)
≪Ghazni≫ . Islamic Cultural Heritage Database . Istanbul: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ??????? 15-??.
ArchNet.org. ≪Ghazni≫ . Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2008 ?? ?????? 5-??.

????????? ?????????	????????? ??????????? (??????????) ?????????? 1220?1221	????????? ??????

??????????? ???? ???????, ????? ?????????? ?? ≪????? (?????????)≫ ?????????

[1] ≪?AZN? ? Encyclopaedia Iranica≫ . iranicaonline.org . ??????? ? 2021 ?? ???????? 22-?? .

[nsia-2] ≪Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22≫ (PDF) . National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). 2021 ?? ?????. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2021 ?? ??????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2021 ?? ??????? 21-?? .

[3] Central Statistics Organization of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2013). ≪Recensement de la province de Ghazni - 2010-2012≫ (PDF) (?????????). ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2013 ?? ?????????? 16-?? . ??????? ? 8 novembre 2016-?? .

[4] Lee, Jonathan (2018 ?? ????????? 12). Afghanistan, A History From 1260 To The Present Day . New Zealand: Reaktion Books. ?? 29. ISBN 9781789140101 .

[Richards-5] Richards, J.F. (1974). ≪The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia≫. Journal of South Asian Studies . 4 (1): 91?109. doi : 10.1080/00856407408730690 .

[6] Gnoli, Zoroaster’s Time and Homeland, pp. 26?39

[7] ≪Ghazni To Be Islamic Capital Of Culture≫ . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ????? 31-?? .

[8] ≪Taliban take strategic Ghazni city as Afghan army chief is replaced≫ . The Guardian . 2021 ?? ???????? 12.

[9] Varshalomidze, Tamila (2021 ?? ???????? 12). ≪Taliban captures Ghazni city, all government officials flee: Live≫ . Al Jazeera English .

[pc10-10] ≪Taliban move closer to capital after taking Ghazni city≫ . France24. 2021 ?? ???????? 12 . ??????? ? 2021 ?? ???????? 12-?? .

[11] Taliban Capture Ghazni City, 150 Km From Afghan Capital: Official . NDTV (AFP), 12. August 2021.

[12] The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015 . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ?????????? 31-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 21-?? .

[WSJ-13] Afghan City Gauges Toll After Taliban Siege . Wall Street Journal .

[14] ≪UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region, District Profile≫ (PDF) . ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2007 ?? ?????????? 28-?? . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ??????? 15-?? .

[15] ≪2003 National Geographic Population Map≫ (PDF) . Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor . National Geographic Society . 2003. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2017 ?? ?????????? 12-?? . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????? 11-?? .

[NOAA-16] ≪Ghazni Climate Normals 1958-1983≫ . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 17-?? .

[17] Sister Cities International ?????????? 2008-10-07 Wayback Machine

[18] Co Gi?ycko ł?czy z Ghazni? ?????????? 2013-11-11 Wayback Machine

[19] Bahram Shah Minarett. ArchNet (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven) i Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prufe den Link gemaß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis

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