?????????

???? ?? ??????? ?????????

????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ( skiing ) ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? (?????, ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??????) ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??-?? ???? ( pole, ??? ) ????? ???? ??? ^[1]^[2]

???? ??? ?? ?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ????-????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??:

???? ????-????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???? ????-????? ( downhill skiing, ??????? ??????? ) ?? ??????? ????-????? ( alpine skiing, ??????? ??????? ) - ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? (???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????) ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???

?????? ????-????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ????-????? ( cross-country skiing, ??????-??????? ??????? ) ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????-???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???-???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? '??????? ?????????' ?? ???? ???

???????? ????-????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???????? ????-????? ( Telemark skiing, ???????? ??????? ) ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? '??????? ?????????' ??? ????-???????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??, ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????

???? ??? [ ??????? ???? ]

???? ??? ( ski jumping, ???? ?????? ) ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? '??????????????' ( skridfinner, σκρι??ψινοι ) ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????? ???? '???????? ????' ??? ^[3]^[4]^[5] ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? , ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

↑ How Important Are Ski Poles? Archived 2012-08-01 at the ????? ???? , Accessed 18 ??????? 2009.
↑ Maximizing Pole Glide Archived 2010-12-28 at the ????? ???? , Accessed 16 ????? 2012.
↑ Olaus Magnus. 1555. "Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus" (History of the Nordic Peoples), published in Rome.
↑ Fridtjof Nansen. 1961. Pa ski over Grønland.
↑ Hartvig Birkely. 1994. I Norge har lapperne først indført skierne.

[How_Important_Are_Ski_Poles?-1] How Important Are Ski Poles? Archived 2012-08-01 at the ????? ???? , Accessed 18 ??????? 2009.

[Maximizing_Pole_Glide-2] Maximizing Pole Glide Archived 2010-12-28 at the ????? ???? , Accessed 16 ????? 2012.

[3] Olaus Magnus. 1555. "Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus" (History of the Nordic Peoples), published in Rome.

[4] Fridtjof Nansen. 1961. Pa ski over Grønland.

[5] Hartvig Birkely. 1994. I Norge har lapperne først indført skierne.

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