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??????? ?????????-?-????????? ( ????? : ?????? ??????? ??????? ) ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??.? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ^[1] ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? 8,81,913 ???? ???????? (3,40,509 ???? ???) ??????? ??? ???? 33 ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? , ?????? , ????? , ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???: ????? , ???? , ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????-?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????

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??????? ?? 300 ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????-?????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (??? 489-632) ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????

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]}

?????? (????)

????????? 7 ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???:

???

???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????????-???????? ????? ?? 2009 ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? (??? 1992 ???) ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???

????? ???????

wikt:????????? (????????)

??????

↑ "Pakistan's population is 207.68m, shows 2017 census result" .
↑ Parth R. Chauhan. "An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian ? A Theoretical Perspective" . Sheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology . University of Sheffield. ??? ?? 4 ????? 2012 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 27 ????? 2014 .
↑ Joseph Needham (1994). A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham . McFarland & Co. ????24. ???????????? 978-0-89950-903-7 . When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BC they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about AD 400.
↑ Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India . Routledge. ???? 157 . ???????????? 0-415-32919-1 . In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila.
↑ Balakrishnan Muniapan; Junaid M. Shaikh (2007). "Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India". World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 2007 . 3 (1): 50?61. ????? : 10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130 .
↑ Radha Kumud Mookerji (1951) [reprint 1989]. Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (2nd ???????). Motilal Banarsidass. ?????478?479. ???????????? 81-208-0423-6 .
↑ "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 30 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 29 ?????? 2018 .
↑ "Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land" . ??? ?? 10 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 10 ?????? 2018 .
↑ "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 11 ??????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 29 ?????? 2011 .
↑ Punjabi Musalmans by J.M.Wikeley, Manohar 1991, p4
↑ The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru, Oxford Uni. Press 1985, p266
↑ "????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????" . ??? ?? 28 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 ????? 2017 .
↑ "??????: ????????? ?? ???????? ??? 57 ????? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ??? 20.7 ????? ???" . ??? ?? 26 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .
↑ "Enumerating Pakistan" . ??? ?? 28 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 ????? 2017 .
↑ "Pakistan's population reaches 208 million: provisional census results" . ??? ?? 26 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .
↑ "Pakistan's 6 th Census - 207 Million People Still Stuck In Malthusian Growth" . ??? ?? 26 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .

?????? ???????

[pbk2021-1] "Pakistan's population is 207.68m, shows 2017 census result" .

[2] Parth R. Chauhan. "An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian ? A Theoretical Perspective" . Sheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology . University of Sheffield. ??? ?? 4 ????? 2012 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 27 ????? 2014 .

[3] Joseph Needham (1994). A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham . McFarland & Co. ????24. ???????????? 978-0-89950-903-7 . When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BC they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about AD 400.

[4] Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India . Routledge. ???? 157 . ???????????? 0-415-32919-1 . In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila.

[5] Balakrishnan Muniapan; Junaid M. Shaikh (2007). "Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India". World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 2007 . 3 (1): 50?61. ????? : 10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130 .

[6] Radha Kumud Mookerji (1951) [reprint 1989]. Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (2nd ???????). Motilal Banarsidass. ?????478?479. ???????????? 81-208-0423-6 .

[7] "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 30 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 29 ?????? 2018 .

[8] "Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land" . ??? ?? 10 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 10 ?????? 2018 .

[9] "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 11 ??????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 29 ?????? 2011 .

[10] Punjabi Musalmans by J.M.Wikeley, Manohar 1991, p4

[11] The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru, Oxford Uni. Press 1985, p266

[12] "????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????" . ??? ?? 28 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 ????? 2017 .

[13] "??????: ????????? ?? ???????? ??? 57 ????? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ??? 20.7 ????? ???" . ??? ?? 26 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .

[14] "Enumerating Pakistan" . ??? ?? 28 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 ????? 2017 .

[15] "Pakistan's population reaches 208 million: provisional census results" . ??? ?? 26 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .

[16] "Pakistan's 6 th Census - 207 Million People Still Stuck In Malthusian Growth" . ??? ?? 26 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .

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