macOS
(???? ?????
OS X
) ???
????? ?????
?? ????
???
???? ???? ????? ?"
??
" (???????) ???. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
BSD
(??????) ?????
?????? ??
?????? ??
???? ????? ????
????? ???? Apple ????? Aqua, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???. macOS ???? ??????? ?-
Windows
?? ????? "??????" ?
????? ??????
[1]
???. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ???????? ?????,
Mac OS Classic
, ???? ?? ??????? "?????-???????".
[2]
?????? ?????? ??
Mac OS Classic
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???
2001
. macOS ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? (
?????
) ??? ??????? ?????? (
iMac
,
Mac Pro
,
Mac mini
). ?-13 ????? 2016, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 10.12 (
macOS Sierra
), ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?-OS X ?-macOS, ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, Mac OS.
- ???? ?????
- MacOS ????? ?? ???? ???
XNU
. ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????:
- ?????? ???? Mach, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? NeXTSTEP, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
BSD
(4BSD)
- ????? BSD ?????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????
FreeBSD
.
- ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?
????? ??????
, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ???
Darwin
. ???? ?Darwin ?????? ???? ????, ?? ???? Darwin ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ???, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?
?????? ???
, ???? ?????? ????? ??????
bash
. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???
POSIX
.
- ???? ??????
- ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ??
QuickTime
??????
?????????
, ?????
OpenGL
?????? ???-???, ?
?????
?????? ??-????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????
??????????
?-
PDF
.
- ???? ????????
- ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?-
Java
?????? ?????? ????? ??????
Java
????? ?????.
Cocoa
??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?OS X, ?????
Carbon
??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?-macOS, ??? ???????
Mac OS
????? ????.
- ???? ???? ??????
- Aqua
(??? ?
??????
) ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (??????, ??????, ???????? ????), ????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??.
??? ?? ???? ?????. ???
????
??????????
????? ????? ????
. ????? ?????? ????? ?
?? ?????
. ????? ??? ??? ??? (??????, ?????? ??????? ???? iPhoto) ????? ????? ?? ?????????.
????? ?????? macOS ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (
iTunes
), ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? (
iMovie
(
??'
)
) ?
????? ??? ???
, ????? (
?????
), ????? ????? ????.
??? ????? 10.7 ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? "Mac App Store" (???? ??????? ?? ???????) ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????
???
??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? 99 ?????? ????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? (iWork:
Pages
,
Keynote
, Numbers), ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???, ????? ?????? ePub ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ????
Xcode
????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?-macOS ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.
?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????
????? ?????????
?? ????????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ?????
?????, ????
??????
,
??????
, ??
???????
. ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??
VMware
,??
VirtualBox
?? ?????.
??????? 10.0 ? 10.8 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?
??????? ???????
. ??? ????? 10.9 ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?
?????????
.
??????? 10.8 ?????, ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????
?????????
, ?? ?????? ???.
- OS X 10.8 ? "??????? ?????" (Mountain Lion): ?????? ??
16 ???????
2012
, ?????? ????? ?-
25 ?????
2012.
[4]
- OS X 10.9 ? "???????" (Mavericks): ?????? ??
10 ?????
2013
?
??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? (WWDC)
?????? ????? ?-
22 ????????
2013.
- OS X 10.10 ? "????????" (Yosemite): ?????? ??
2 ?????
2014
???? ??WWDC14 ?????? ????? ?-10 ??????? 2014.
[5]
- OS X 10.11 ? "?? ?????" (El Capitan): ?????? ??8 ????? 2015 ???? ??WWDC15 ?????? ????? ?-30 ??????? 2015.
- macOS 10.12 ? "?????" (Sierra): ?????? ??13 ????? 2016, ???? ??WWDC16.
[6]
??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ????? ?
?????
?????? ?????? ?????? ????-????.
- macOS 10.13 ? "??? ?????" (High Sierra): ?????? ??5 ????? 2017 ???? ??WWDC17. ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.
- macOS 10.14 ? "??????" (Mojave)
(
??'
)
: ?????? ??4 ????? 2018 ???? ??WWDC18. ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? (Dark Mode), ????? ?? ??
???? ??????
??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?-
24 ???????
2018
.
[7]
???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??
32 ???
.
[8]
- macOS 10.15 ? "??????" (Catalina)
(
??'
)
: ?????? ?-3 ????? 2019 ???? ?-WWDC19. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? 2019. ??? ????? ??, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? 32 ???.
[8]
- macOS 11 ? ??? ?? (Big Sur)
: ?????? ?-22 ?????
2020
???? WWDC20 ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?
??????
. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ??????
?????
, ????? ?????????? ????? ????.
- macOS 12 ? ??????? (Monterey)
: ?????? ?-7 ????? 2021, ???? WWDC21 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????
??????
, ???? ????????? "?????? ???" ????????? ?????? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? macOS Monterey ???? iOS ?-
iPadOS
.
- macOS 13 ? "??????" (Ventura)
: ?????? ?-6 ?????
2022
, ???? WWDC22 ????? ?????
??? ????
??????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????.
- macOS 14 ? "??????" (Sonoma)
: ?????? ?-5 ?????
2023
???? WWDC23 ????? ????? ???????
[9]
. ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?
????? ?????
?? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ??
????'???
???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????
??????
?
?????
????? ??? ??
Wi-Fi
, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?-2017 ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????
T2
(
??'
)
, ???? ?
?????
????? ?-2019.
[10]
??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?-
Apple TV
.
[11]
????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
??????
??????? ?? ?
????
?
?????? ?????
??????
??? ??????
???????
??????'
(????
???? ????
??
???????
) ?"??? ????" ?????? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? "
Metal
"
(
??'
)
[10]
[12]
?????? ???? ???? ???????? 2023.
[13]
- ^
????? "?????" ?????? ????? ?? macOS
- ^
By Ronald E. Yates ???? ????? ??????,
Motorola To Clone Macintosh
,
????? ???????
, 20 ??????? 1996
- ^
??? ?????,
????? ?? ??? ???? ????
, ????
ynet
, 20 ????? 2011
- ^
???? ????, Newsgeek,
????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
, ????
TheMarker
, 25 ????? 2012
- ^
???? ?????,
??? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ????? ?? OS X
, ???? TGspot, 2014-06-03
- ^
Lee Hutchinson,
Goodbye, OS X: Apple’s new desktop OS is “macOS Sierra”
, Ars Technica, 2016-06-13
(??????? ????????)
- ^
"????? ?????? macOS Mojave ????? ???? ??????. ?? ????"
.
???????
. 2018-09-24
. ???? ?-
2018-10-23
.
- ^
1
2
???? ?????,
Mojave is Apple's last version of macOS to support 32-bit apps
, ???? Apple Insider, 5 ????? 2018
(???????)
- ^
?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????
- ^
1
2
??? ??????,
??? ????? ?? macOS Sonoma ??????? ?? ??????’??? ?????
, ???? ????? ????????? ?????? - Gadgety, 6 ????? 2023
- ^
Filipe Esposito,
macOS Sonoma brings new Lock Screen with aerial wallpapers
, 9to5Mac, 6 ????? 2023
- ^
Roman Loyola,
macOS 14 Sonoma: How to use Game Mode to boost performance
, Macworld, 13 ????? 2023
- ^
Karen Haslam,
macOS Sonoma release date, compatibility and new features in macOS 14
, Macworld, 24 ???? 2023
???
|
?????
|
Logic
?
Final Cut Pro
?
iLife
(
iTunes
) ?
iWork
(
Pages
,
Keynote
) ?
FaceTime
?
????
?
?????
?
CarPlay
?????? ?????
?
???
|
Mac OS ?????
? ???????
??????
(????
XNU
?
Darwin
?????????:
macOS
,
iOS
(
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
17
),
iPadOS
,
watchOS
,
tvOS
)
?????? ???:
MobileMe
?
iCloud
|
??????? ?????
|
???????
?
???? ????????
?
??????
?
????
?
Find My
?
iBooks
?
Game Center
?
App Store
?
iAd
?
?????
?
????
?
Control Center
?
Apple Wallet
?
Apple Pay
?
?????
|
|
|
???? ????
|
???? ?'???
?
???? ???????
?
????? ????
?
???? ??????
?
?'??? ????
?
?'?? ?????
?
?'? ?????
?
??? ??????
?
??? ???
?
??? ???
?
???? ???????
?
????? ??????
?
??? ???????
?
?'??? ????'?
?
???? ?????????
?
??? ????
?
????? ???????
|
??????????
|
AppleTalk
?
FireWire
?
QuickTime
?
Objective-C
?
Face ID
?
Touch ID
?
???? ????????
|
???
|
??? ????
?
Mac App Store
?
??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???
?
????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???
?
??? ????
?
????? ???
?
1984 (????? ??????)
?
???? ????????
?
???? ????????
?
??? ????
|
?????
|
??????
|
?????? (???? ??????)
?
?????? 3G
?
?????? 3GS
?
?????? 4
?
?????? 4S
?
?????? 5
?
?????? 5s
?
?????? 5C
?
?????? 6
?
?????? 6 ????
?
?????? 6S & 6S ????
?
?????? SE (2016)
?
?????? 7
?
?????? 7 ????
?
?????? 8
?
?????? 8 ????
?
?????? X
?
?????? XS & XS ???
?
?????? XR
?
?????? 11
?
?????? 11 ??? & ??? ???
?
?????? SE (2020)
?
?????? 12 & 12 ????
?
?????? 12 ??? & ??? ???
?
?????? 13 & ????
?
?????? 13 ??? & ??? ???
?
?????? 14
?
?????? 14 ???
?
?????? 15
?
?????? 15 ???
|
??????
|
?????? ??????
?
?????? ????
?
?????? ????
?
?????? ???'
|
?????
|
????? 1
?
????? 2
?
????? 3
?
????? 4
?
????? ????
?
????? ????
?
????? ???
|
???????
|
eMac ?
iMac
(
Pro
) ?
Power Mac
?
PowerBook
?
Mac Pro
?
Mac mini
?
iBook
?
Cube
?
MacBook Pro
?
MacBook Air
?
MacBook
? Macintosh Classic ? Macintosh Portable ? Macintosh Plus
|
????? ????? ?????
|
Apple Watch
?
Apple TV
?
Magic Keyboard
?
Magic Trackpad
?
Magic Mouse
?
Apple Pencil
?
????????
?
HomePod
?
??????? ???
?
??? ???'? ???
?
???? ???
|
????? ??? ???? 1998
|
Apple I
?
Apple II
?
Apple III
?
???????
(
128K
?
512K
?
XL
?
512Ke
?
Plus
?
Classic
)
|
????: ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????, ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????.
|