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???? ????? ??????? ^[1] ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? (?-6 ?????) ???? ??????? ??? ????? 1912 ?- 1915 ????? ????? ??????? ^[2].

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???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?? ??? ????'????? ???? 1915 ???? ????? ????? ??????? . ?????? ?????? ?? ?'??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ??????? ?????? , ????? ????? ????? ????'?????, ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????-??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ? ???? ????? , ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ? ????? , ????? ?? ? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ^[3] ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? 1967 .

????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.

???????? ??????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? "???? ????" ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? . ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???? ?-25 ????? 1974. ????? ?? 150 ???, ?????? 35 ?????? ?????? 55 ????? ^[4]. ?????? ??????? ? ?? ??? (?????????) . ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? 7 ????. ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, "???? ????." ???? 8 ????, ????? ????? ???? ?????: ???? ???? , ???? ???? , ????? ??? , ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ^[5]. ??? ??? ??, ?-26 ????? 1974, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ??????, ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ^[6]. ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????, ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ^[7], ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ^[8]^[9]. ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??"? ??? ?????? ^[10]. ?-8 ?????? 1975 ??? "????? ????-????" ????? ??? " ??? ????? " ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ????? , ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ^[11].

????? ?? ?-5 ???? 1975 ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ???????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ^[12]. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ??"? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?-7 ???? ^[13]. ?-19 ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? 50 ??????? ??????? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ^[14].

??????? ?????? ??????, ?-30 ??????? 1975, ???? ??? ?????? ?-2,000 ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? "???? ????". ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??"? ^[15]. ???? 10 ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ^[16]. ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 30 ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?"???? ????", ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??"? ????? ??, ??? ??? ???? ^[17]^[18]. ?????? 1976 ???? ?????? 200 ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? , ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ^[19]^[20]. ???? ???? , ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? "???", ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ^[21]. ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? (???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????), ?? ?-9 ?????? 1975 ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? "??? ??????", ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ^[22]^[23].

???? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ????? , ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? C ? ??? B . ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.

???? 2016 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ^[24]. ???? 2018 ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? "??????? ?????????" ????? ^[25].

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? , Meissner Pasha and the construction of railways in Palestine and neighaboring countries ???? Google Books
????? ???????? , ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????
??? ???????, ?????? ??????? , ???? ???? , 23 ????? 2015
???? ???? , ????? ??????? , ???? ???? , 30 ??????? 2003
???? ???? , ? ????? 1975: ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? , ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? , ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?-8 ?????? 1975

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?-1918 (???????) ????? ????? ????? ???????? , ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?"? ??? ????
^ ????? ??????? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????'???? , ??????? ????? ?? ? ??????? , ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???
^ ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????
^ ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? , ??? , 26 ????? 1974
^ ????? ???????? , ??? , 26 ????? 1974
^ ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? , ??? , 1 ??????? 1974
^ ??? ??? , ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ??? , 28 ????? 1974
^ ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ??? , 29 ????? 1974
^ ??? ??? , ?????"? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? , ??? , 29 ????? 1974
^ "?? ?????? ????" , ??? , 30 ????? 1974
^ ??? ????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? "??? ?????" ???? ???? , ??? , 7 ?????? 1975
^ ???? ????, ????? '?????? ???' ?????? ????? 150 ?????? "?????????" ????????, ???? ?????? ?????? , ????? , 6 ???? 1975
^ ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ????? , 7 ???? 1975
^ ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? , ??? , 20 ???? 1975
^ ?. ?????, ??2000 ????? ???????; ?? ????? ????? ??????? , ??? , 1 ?????? 1975
^ ??? ??? ??? ???????? , ??? , 8 ?????? 1975
^ ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??"? , ????? , 9 ?????? 1975
^ ???? ????, "???? ?? ???????"..."????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? , ????? , 10 ?????? 1975
^ ???? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? , ????? , 5 ?????? 1976
^ ???? ????, "????": ???,?????' ????? "??????????" , ????? , 18 ?????? 1976
^ ???? ???? , ???? , ??? , 8 ?????? 1975
^ ?. ???? "?? ???? ????? ????? ??????" , ????? , 9 ?????? 1975
^ ???? ???? , ???? ????????????? , ??? , 9 ?????? 1975
^ ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? , ???? ???? , 26 ?????? 2016.
^ ???? ?????, ? ??? ????????? ???"? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???"? , ?????? ???? ????? , 18 ???? 2019.

[1] ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?-1918 (???????) ????? ????? ????? ???????? , ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?"? ??? ????

[2] ????? ??????? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????'???? , ??????? ????? ?? ? ??????? , ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???

[3] ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????

[4] ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? , ??? , 26 ????? 1974

[5] ????? ???????? , ??? , 26 ????? 1974

[6] ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? , ??? , 1 ??????? 1974

[7] ??? ??? , ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ??? , 28 ????? 1974

[8] ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ??? , 29 ????? 1974

[9] ??? ??? , ?????"? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? , ??? , 29 ????? 1974

[10] "?? ?????? ????" , ??? , 30 ????? 1974

[11] ??? ????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? "??? ?????" ???? ???? , ??? , 7 ?????? 1975

[12] ???? ????, ????? '?????? ???' ?????? ????? 150 ?????? "?????????" ????????, ???? ?????? ?????? , ????? , 6 ???? 1975

[13] ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ????? , 7 ???? 1975

[14] ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? , ??? , 20 ???? 1975

[15] ?. ?????, ??2000 ????? ???????; ?? ????? ????? ??????? , ??? , 1 ?????? 1975

[16] ??? ??? ??? ???????? , ??? , 8 ?????? 1975

[17] ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??"? , ????? , 9 ?????? 1975

[18] ???? ????, "???? ?? ???????"..."????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? , ????? , 10 ?????? 1975

[19] ???? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? , ????? , 5 ?????? 1976

[20] ???? ????, "????": ???,?????' ????? "??????????" , ????? , 18 ?????? 1976

[21] ???? ???? , ???? , ??? , 8 ?????? 1975

[22] ?. ???? "?? ???? ????? ????? ??????" , ????? , 9 ?????? 1975

[23] ???? ???? , ???? ????????????? , ??? , 9 ?????? 1975

[24] ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? , ???? ???? , 26 ?????? 2016.

[25] ???? ?????, ? ??? ????????? ???"? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???"? , ?????? ???? ????? , 18 ???? 2019.

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[17]

[18]

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[25]

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