???? ??????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
???? ??????
Sherman Minton
שרמן מינטון
???? ??????
???? 20 ???????? 1890
?'???'????, ???????? , ????? ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
????? 9 ?????? 1965 (???? 74)
??? ??????, ???????? , ????? ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
????? ????? ????? ארצות הברית ????? ?????
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????? ?????? ????????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
12 ???????? 1949 ? 15 ???????? 1956
(7 ????)
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22 ???? 1941 ? 11 ???????? 1949
(8 ????)
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→ ????? ?????? ??????
????? ?????? ←
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22 ????? 1937 ? 3 ?????? 1941
(3 ????)
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3 ?????? 1935 ? 3 ?????? 1941
(6 ????)
לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

???? "???" ?????? (? ?????? : Sherman "Shay" Minton ;‏ 20 ???????? 1890 ? 9 ?????? 1965 ) ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ??? ??? ?????? ????????? .

???? ???? ?????' ????? ??? ? ?????? , ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? , ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?- 1930 , ???? ???????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?"????? ????????" ( American Legion ) , ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? , ??? ????? . ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? . ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? "???? ???? ????? ?? ?????". ???? ?????????? ???? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????.

???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?- 1940 , ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ???? ???? ?? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? , ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ?- 4 ???????? 1949 ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? 48 ?????? ?-16 ??????? (?? ???????? ???? 15 ?????????? ? ?????? ???, ??????? ???? ?. ???? ? ?????'???? ). ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ?? ? ????? ??????? , ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????. ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ?- 1956 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ?- 1965 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????.

??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-30 ??? ????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????, ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???. ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??'???'????, ????????

???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?'???'???? ?? ???????? ??'?? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? "???" ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? "????". ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????, ?'???? ??????, ???? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?- 1883 .

?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??'???'????, ?? ?????? ????? ?'. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ?- 1895 ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?'????? ?????? . ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?- 1898 ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?- 1899 ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??? . ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? 1900 ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???. ?????? 1901 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????.

???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?- 1904 ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? . ??? ????? ???? ??, ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ????' , ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????.

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 1905 , ????? ?? 14, ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?????? , ? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????' ??? ????? ????? ????. ??????? 1908 ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ????, ?'???? ??? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????'. ?- 1910 ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????'. ???? 1910 ??? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????' ??? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ????????? ???????? 1911 ??? ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????? . ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?'????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ?????' ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? , ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? , ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????' ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??-????-??? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????????. ?- 1913 ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?- 1915 ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. [1] [2] [3] ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????.

?????? ??? ????? ??????. [1] ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?- 1915 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? , ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? . ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? . ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? "??????? ??????" (Theory of the Action). [4] ?????? ?? ????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????. [1]

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1916 ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?'???????? ( Chautauqua ) ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?'????? ?????? , ????? ?? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

?- 1917 , ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? . ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???'??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?- 11 ??????? . ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? . ? ???????? ?-84 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? 1918 ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? . ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????.

???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?- 1919 , ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? 1919 ??? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ???????? , ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? . ???? 1920 ??? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ?. ?????? ???, ???? ??? ????? ???????. ?- 1923 ????? ??? ??-???, ???? ????, ?'??, ???? ?- 1925 .

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ?? ??????, 1920

???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ???????? , ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ??'?? ??????, ????? 6,502 ????? ??? 3,170 ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? "?????????? ????'??", ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??? ??? ? ????? , ??????? , ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???, "???? ??????". ?????? 1928 ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?"?????????? ????'??". ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?- 1930 , ?? ???? ???, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ???'?? ?. ?????.

???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? "?????? ????????" ( American Legion ) . ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??, ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????. ?-1930, ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? 525,000 ????. ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????.

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?- 1934 . ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???? 827 ????? ??? ?-586 ??????? ??????.

??????? 1934 ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??? . ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? . ?????, ??????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? "?????". ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ????????? ???????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? "???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????", ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?- 11 ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ??- 11 ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???, ????? ???? "???? ???? ????? ?? ?????" (You Cannot Eat the Constitution), ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????. ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?-52 ?????? ?????? ???????.

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?????? ???????

?????? 1935 ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? , ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? , ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????. ?????? ?? ? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ? ???????? ?? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???.

??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? "??????? ??????? ?? ??????" ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????. ?- 1937 ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????, ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????. ???? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? "????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????". ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???, ???? ????.

?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, Rural Progress. ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ?????? ?. ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??' ??? ????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????, "??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????????".

?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? , ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? NBC ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? . ?????? ???, ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ?- 1938 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???, ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????.

?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????, ??? ? ?????????? ???????? ???. ????? ??? ????????????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ???????? , ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.

?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??, ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? 1936 . ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ??????, ???? ???????? ?"???????? ????????" ???.

??????? ???? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 1936 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ( Agricultural Adjustment Act ) ???? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ??????? 1937 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.

?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????, ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????.

?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ???????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??.

?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? , ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? 2.5 ??????? ???? (49 ??????? ???? ?????? ?? 2021 ) ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????' ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? . ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???' ( Hatch Act of 1939 ) , ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????.

????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????? , ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ?? ? ?????? ???? . ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ????' ( Smith Act ) , ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????.

??????? ?????? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?- 1940 . ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????????, ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

?????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ????? , ??? ?? ??? ?? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?"???? ???? ??????? ??????????". ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? 1932 , ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?"?? ??????", ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? 5,179 ????? ???? 1.5 ???? ???? ??????.

? ?????? ??????? ?? 1940 ???? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? 1941 , ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? .

???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 7 ???? 1941 ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? . ?- 12 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??- 22 ???? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????.

?- 29 ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?- 7 ???????? . ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?-40 ????? ????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?'???? ??? ????'??. ????'?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ????'?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??.

??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? , ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ???????? , ????? ?? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????.

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?"???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????", ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????.

????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? 253 ???? ???, ???? 12 ???? ??? ????? . ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ??? Tax Magazine ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ????? ?? ???? "????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????????". ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????.

????? ???? "?????? ??? ??????" (Sunkist v. Sunkist) ?"???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????" (Quaker Oats Co. v. General Mills), ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ???, ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ??. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???. [5] ???? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? , ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? "?????? ??????? ????? ?????" ( National Labor Relations Board ) , ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????.

???? ???? "????? ????? ??? ??????" (United States v. Knauer), ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ? ?????? . ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???, ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????'??, ??? ????? ?"??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????". ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?- 1946 .

??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? "???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????" (Modernistic Candies, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission). ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? . ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????, ??????:

?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?????? ???, ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?'?? ???? , ??? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ??????? ?? ???, ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????. [6]

?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? "???? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????".

????? ??????? ??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? , ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? , ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? . ???? ????? ??? ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ? ??? ??????? ?? 1945 , ??? ??? ? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

??????? ???? ???, ??? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ????????? ????? . ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????, ???? ?- 5 ??????? 1949 ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????? ?????? ?-1953. ?????? ???? ????? ?????.

?- 15 ??????? 1949 ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????' ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????.

?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????. ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?"????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????..." ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???????????? ???? ( The Indianapolis Star ) ???? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????.

??????? ?????????, ?????? ?'??, ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ?????? ??? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????????, ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. [3] ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????. ??????? ?? ?'??, ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? 9 ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?-2 ??????. ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? 45 ??? 21. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???, ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ?- 6 ???????? ???? ?? 48 ?????? ??? 16 ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?'?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????, ?? ?? ???? ??.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????

?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? "????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????" ( Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer ) , ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. [7] ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? "??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????". ?? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? .

?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?- 1954 . ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? "?????? ??? ?'????" Barrows v. Jackson ?- 1953 ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????: "??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????" ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????????? "??????? ???????" (fundamental fairness), ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?- 1937 . ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? "????? ????? ??? ????????'" ( United States v. Rabinowitz ) , ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? "???? ??? ????? ?????" ( Dennis v. United States ) ?- 1951 , ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? "????? ??? ???'????" (Bailey v. Richardson) ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????-??????? ??????? ??? ??'????' ( Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ) ?-1951, ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ??? "???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????" ( Adler v. Board of Education ) ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.

?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? New Jersey Law Journal ???? ?? ?????? ?"???? ??? ??????", ????? ???? "??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????". [8] ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????.

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?. ?'???? ? ???? ???? , ??????? ????? ??? ????? . ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????. ????? ?- 1954 , ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????.

???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? 1952 , ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??????? 1956 ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? . ?????? ????, "?? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ???????? ". ??? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????. [9] ??? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? . ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. [10]

??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. [10] ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?'????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????.

?- 7 ??????? 1956 ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????. ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????. ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?- 15 ???????? 1956, ???? 7 ???? ?-3 ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? .

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?????? ???? ??????, "???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ". ?? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????. [10]

??? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. [10] ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? . ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?- 1956 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????.

?? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ???? ??? 1965 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? . ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?- 9 ?????? 1965. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? . ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???????? ? ???? ????? , ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? . [11]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ??????, ????????.

?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ( Sherman Minton Bridge ) , ????? ???? ???? ???-?????? 64 ?? ??? ????? , ???? ???? ??? ???????? , ????? ???? ??? ??????, ????????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?- 1962 . ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????. [12] ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??????-???????? ?? ???????????? . [13] ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????, ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ??????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? "??? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????". ????? ????? ?????, "??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????". [14] ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ??? 67 ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? . ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? "?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????". ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? . [15]

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????. [16] ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??-?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??'???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????.

??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??. ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????.

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  1. ^ 1 2 3 Kleber, John (2000). The encyclopedia of Louisville. Louisville: University Press of Kentucky. p. 624.
  2. ^ Ariens, Michael. "Sherman Minton biography". Archived from the original on July 14, 2010.
  3. ^ 1 2 "Sherman Minton Moot Court Competition: Who Was Sherman Minton?". Bloomington, Indiana: Maurer School of Law. 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2012.
  4. ^ Hein's Legal Theses and Dissertations
  5. ^ Standard Oil Company v. Federal Trade Commission, 340 U.S. 231 (1951)
  6. ^ Modernistic Candies v. Federal Trade Commission, 145 F.2d 454 (7th Cir. 1944)
  7. ^ Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952)
  8. ^ Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 96.
  9. ^ Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 76.
  10. ^ 1 2 3 4 Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 88.
  11. ^ "Sherman S. Minton papers". Harry S. Truman Library.
  12. ^ "Competition". Indiana University. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010.
  13. ^ Zeigler, Connie (October 27, 2009). "History 301: A minority opinion ? I love the Federal Building". Urban Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.
  14. ^ Schwartz, Bernard (1999) (First published 1997). A Book of Legal Lists: The Best and Worst in American Law. Oxford University Press, p. 44.
  15. ^ Gugin, Linda C. (2009). "Sherman Minton: Restraint Against a Tide of Activism". Vanderbilt Law Review. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University. 62 (2), p. 764.
  16. ^ Karpowitz, Christopher F.; Crowe, Justin (September 2007). "Where have you gone, Sherman Minton? The decline of the short-term Supreme Court Justice". Perspectives on Politics. 5 (3): 425?445.


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