????? ?????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
????? "?????" ???? ????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? (?????????) .
????? ?????
Poliomyelitis
נגיף הפוליו
???? ??????
???? ????? ???????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
???? ???? ?????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
??????? ????? ?????? , ??? , ???? , meningism signs , ????? , paresis , ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
??????? ?????? ????
eMedicine article/306440  
DiseasesDB 10209
MeSH D011051
MedlinePlus 001402
???????
ICD-10 A 80 , B 91
ICD-11 1C81 עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

????? ????? ( ????????????? , Poliomyelitis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

??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? , ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? , ??? ?? ? ???? , ?????? ?????? ? ????? .

???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? . ???? ?????? 2019 ?????? ???? 2 ?-3 ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? 1. [1]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ?-18 ? ????? ?????? , ??????, ??? ?????, ???? ??????
????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????

?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ??? ????????? . ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ( ??' ) ?- 1840 ?????? ???? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?-1890 ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????-???? . ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?- 1908 . [2] ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?-19 ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ?-20 ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????; ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????.

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? 1880, ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????; ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?-1910 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ??? - ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? - ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???. [3] ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? , ?????"? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? .

???????? ???????? ?? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? - ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??1% ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???.

????? ? ???? ???????? - ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

????? ?????? ?????? - ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.

???? ???? ???? - ??? ????? ???? ???? .

??25% ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? post-polio syndrome ??????? PPS. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????.

???? ????? ??????? Post Polio Syndrome [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? . [4] [5]

????? ??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????

???? ???? ????? ?? ????, ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?-20 ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?-350,000 ???? 1988 ?-74 ???? ???? 2015 . [6] ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?"? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (IPV). ???? 1954, ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-500,000 ??????? ????? ????? ?????. [7] ???? ???, ???? 1962 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?"? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? (OPV). ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???, ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??-Baylor College of Medicine ? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. [8] [9] [10] [11]

????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? (????? ????). ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? (??? ?-750,000 ???????) ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? (????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????). ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???-??????? ?????????? ????. ?? ???, ????? ???? ????? ?? (??? ???), ????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ????.

????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????; ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ????????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.

??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? IPV ???? ?????? (?? ?? ???? ???? ???????), ???? ?????? ?-OPV ???? ??? ?????.

?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?-IPV ??????, ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?-OPV ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?-OPV ???? ????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?-IPV. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? IPV. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?-OPV.

????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? (??? ?? ????? ?????), ????? OPV ???? ???? ??????.

????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? - ????????, ??????????? , ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????.

?????? ????? ?? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ???, ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? (??????) ???? ??? ?????? ??????.

?? ??? ????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?-OPV ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ? ???? . [12]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????. [13] ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.(enteroviruses) ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ????????, ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????.

????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?"? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??-?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, 1950.
????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?-50

?? ???? 1949 ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. [14] ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1949 ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? 338 ?????. [15] ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ???? 1954 ??? ?????? 4,700 ????? ???????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ????? 760 ?????. [16] ?????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? 1952 ???? ?-1,400 ??? ?????? ????.

??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? [17] .

???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ????? ?-50 ??? ?????? ?-4,700 ??? ??-760 ????? ?????. ???? 1957 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ???? 1989 ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ??"? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?- 1955 , ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????' ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? 1955, ?????? ?????? 1956 ??? ???? ????????. ??? ???? 1958 ????? ????? ?? 90% ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????, [18] ?????? ???? ?????? ??????.

???? ???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 1988, ?? ????? ????? 15 ???. [19]

?- 1989 , ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????. ? ???? 2005 ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? OPV ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?' ???? ????. [20]

???? 2013 ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? , ????? , ???? , ????? ?? , ?????? , ??? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? 2013 ????? ???? 150,000 ????? ?????? ???? 2004 ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????. [21]

???? 2022 ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. [22] ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 1989 ??????.

???? 2022 ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??????? . [23] ??????? 2022 ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????. [24]

?????? 2023 ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? 3 ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????.

??? ??? 1988 ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? [13] .

??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ?????. ?? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? [13] . ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? (?????? ?? ??? 95%) ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? 1957. ?-1988, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 40. [13] ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? (???? ????, ?????? ??????? ????).

???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. [25]

??? ????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 2007 ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? , ????"?-2007, ??????, ????? ????? 1 ?? ????: "????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????". [26] ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. [27] ???? ??"? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????. [28] ????????, ???? ???? ????? "???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????", ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. [28]

?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? . [17] ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [29] ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????' ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????. [30] ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????. ???? 1954 ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????'? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??' ????? ???? . ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? (PPS) ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?????

???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? (???? ????). ???? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. [31] [32] [33] ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????-?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????, ????? ??????, ??????????, ??????? ??????, ??????????, ????? ????, ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????.

?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????-?????, ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????: ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? . ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 2018.
????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????-???????? .

?????? "Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis", ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? , ????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? 2018. [34] ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? . ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. [35] [36]

??? ? ???? ???? . ??? ???????? (???? [37] ) ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????????
ויקימילון ??? ?????? ???????????: ????? ?????
ויקישיתוף ?????? ????? ???????????: ????? ?????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ ????? ????? ???? polio eradication.
  2. ^ ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? , ???? , 1 ???? 1955
  3. ^ Aylward R (2006). "Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy". Ann Trop Med Parasitol . 100 (5?6): 401?13. doi : 10.1179/136485906X97354 . PMID   16899145 .
  4. ^ ????? ???? ????? , ???? ???? ????? ????
  5. ^ ????? ????-????? , ???? ???? ????? ????
  6. ^ Polio Now , Global Polio Eradication Initiative
  7. ^ |, ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? , ??? , 14 ???? 1954
  8. ^ Holocaust Remembrance: Sharing Dr. Ervin Adam’s story , Baylor College of Medicine
  9. ^ Adam Ervin , Zahrani?ni ?lenove U?ene spole?nosti
  10. ^ ?kovranek V., ?a?ek K., Vonka V., Adam E., Adamova V., Burian V., Vojtova H, Field trial with Sabin’s live polio vaccine in Czechoslovakia., Proc. First Int. Conference on live poliovirus vaccine , 1960, ??' 530-571
  11. ^ Adam E., Adamova V., ?a?ek K., Surveillance of cases of CNS diseases in Czechoslovakia. ,, Proc. European Assoc.of Poliomyelitis and Assoc. Dis. Vol VIII. , 1962, ??' 229-239
  12. ^ Konstantin Chumakov, Christine S. Benn, Peter Aaby, Shyamasundaran Kottilil, Robert Gallo, Can existing live vaccines prevent COVID-19? , science , ‏12 Jun 2020:
  13. ^ 1 2 3 4 ????? ????? (?????) , ???? ????? ????
  14. ^ ??? ??????‏, 70 ??? ???? ???????: ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? , ???? ????? ‏, 11 ???? 2020
  15. ^ ????? ????, ???? ????? ??????: ????? ???? ???????, 1949-1956 , ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 34, 2020, ??' 180
  16. ^ ????? ????? (????? - Polio) - ????????? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ???????
  17. ^ 1 2 ????? ????, ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? 1950?1957 , ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????
  18. ^ ????? ???? , ????? ????? ?????? ???? , ???? , 14 ?????? 1958
  19. ^ ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? , ???? ynet , 24 ??????? 2005
  20. ^ ????? ??????: ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? , ???? ? ???? ?, 5 ??????? 2013
  21. ^ ?? ??? , ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? , ???? ???? , 9 ??????? 2013
  22. ^ ?"? ???? ??, ???????: ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? , ???? ynet , 6 ???? 2022
  23. ^ ???? ????? ???-??? , ??????? ??????: ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? , ???? ????? ???? , 17 ???? 2022
  24. ^ ???? ???????, ?? ????? ??? ???? ????: ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? , ???? ????? 13 , 18 ??????? 2022
  25. ^ ??? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? , ???? ???? ???????, ‏18.03.2024
  26. ^ ??? ????? ?????? ????? , ????"?-2007
  27. ^ ??"? 273/10 ??? ??????? ?' ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
  28. ^ 1 2 ??"? 10771/07 ????? ??????? ?' ????? ?????? ????? , ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???
  29. ^ ????? ????, ?????????????? ??????? ???? , ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????
  30. ^ ??? ??????, ???? ????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????. , 2002, ??' 39-51
  31. ^ ????? ????? , ???? ????? ?????? ????
  32. ^ ????? ???? ????? , ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????
  33. ^ ????? ????-????? ??????? (PPS) , ???? ???? ?? ?????
  34. ^ Polio eradication and endgame timeline
  35. ^ The Surge
  36. ^ Polio emergency in Nigeria
  37. ^ ????? ??????

?????: ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? .

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