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? ??? , ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ?-18 ??-19. ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ???, ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ????'????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? 1838 ?? ????? ?? ??? ???. ???? 1838, ??? ???????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? 5% ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? 2.12%.

????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? (1929), ????? ???? ???? (1924), ????? ????? ???? ???????? (1937) ????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ??????. ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????, ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.

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?? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? , ???? 1941 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? "????? ??????", ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? (????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 5% ?-30%). ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?-15 ???? 1948 ??? 88,560. ?-21 ???? 1948 ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???, ??? ????, ????? ?????? (????) ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ?????.

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??"? (???? ????? ?? "????? ??????? ???????") ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?- 1 ?????? 1960 , ???? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??????, ???? ???? , ??? ???? ?? ???. ?? ???? ??"? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? (??"?), ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ??"? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ??"? ?-500 ?????? ??????? (???? 2016 ) ???? ?? 160 ?????? ?"? . ?????? ?????? ??????? ??"? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ??? ???? ??????.

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?- 1 ????? 1976 ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? , ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ???? 1976, ?? ????? ??? ???"?, ???? ??? ?? "????? ???? ?????" ?"????? ???? ???"?".

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???? ?????? ????? ?- 1 ??????? 2004 , ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?-15 ??????? 2003 ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? (????? ?? ??? "?????? ?? ?????"), ??? ???? ????"? ???"? (???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????). ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? , ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????"?. ????? ???? ?'?? ??? .

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????? ???? ?????? ???? 2016 ??? 2.15 ??????? ?"?, ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 2.46 ??????? ?"? ???? 2015 .

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2	?"? ????? (?????) ?????	1948	1950
3	??-???? ?????	1950	24 ???? 1954
4	?"? ??????? ????	1 ??????? 1954	31 ????? 1960
5	????? ??????	1 ??????? 1960	31 ??????? 1962
6	?????? ????????	1 ??????? 1962	31 ?????? 1966
7	???? ????	1 ??????? 1966	31 ?????? 1975
8	??? ???????	1 ??????? 1975	31 ???? 1975
9	???? ??	1 ????? 1975	31 ???? 1976
10	?????? ??????	1 ?????? 1976	30 ????? 1978
11	?? ?????	10 ????? 1978	15 ??????? 1985
12	???? ????????	15 ??????? 1985	1 ????? 1989
13	??? ????	2 ????? 1989	30 ??????? 1993
14	????? ???	1 ??????? 1993	31 ?????? 1998
15	???? ????	1 ?????? 1999 ^[4]	31 ?????? 2001
16	??? ????-????	1 ?????? 2002 ^[5]	30 ????? 2004

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1	???? ???	1 ????? 2004	31 ?????? 2005
2	?'?? ???	1 ?????? 2006 ^[6]	15 ?????? 2007
-	???? ???	16 ?????? 2007	15 ?????? 2007	???? ????
3	????? ???????	16 ???? 2008 ^[7]	31 ???????? 2011
4	????? ?????	1 ??????? 2011 ^[8]	17 ???? 2013 ^[9]
5	??? ???	18 ???? 2013 ^[9]	15 ???? 2018
6	??? ????	??? 2018	27 ??????? 2023
7	?? ?????????'	27 ??????? 2023

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?? ???? ???? ?-0% ???? 2000
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