??????? ???????
Rosalind Franklin
 |
| ??????? ???????
|
|
????
|
25 ?????
1920
?????? ???
,
??????
,
?????? ???????
 |
|---|
|
?????
|
16 ??????
1958
(???? 37)
Royal Marsden Hospital
,
?????? ???????
|
|---|
|
?? ????
|
Rosalind Elsie Franklin
|
|---|
|
??? ????
|
????????
|
|---|
|
???? ??????
|
??????
|
|---|
|
???? ?????
|
??? ?????? ?????? ??????
|
|---|
|
???? ???????
|
- ??? ???? ????? ??? ???
(
1938
)
- ????' ???????, ?????????? ?????????'
(
1941
)
- ?????????? ?????????'
(
1945
)
- ??? ???? ?????? ?????
|
|---|
|
??????
|
|
|---|
|
?????? ???????
|
John Thomas Finch
|
|---|
|
????? ??????
|
??? ?????? ???? ??????
(
2008
)
|
|---|
|
?????? ???????
|
|---|
|
???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?-
DNA
|
  |
??????? (???) ???? ???????
(?
??????
:
Rosalind Elsie Franklin
;
25 ?????
1920
?
16 ??????
1958
) ?????
??????
???????
-
???????
, ??????? ?
?????? ????????
, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?
???
, ????? ?????? ?? ?-
DNA
????? ??
??????
, ????? ????
TMV
. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA, ???? ?????? ?????? (??? ??????? ?? ???????) ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????,
?????? ????
?
?'???? ??????
.
??????? ??????? ????? ?-
25 ?????
1920
?
??????
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?
?????
??
??????
. ????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? (Ellis Arthur Franklin), ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????: ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????
???? ?????? ????
.
????? ?????
,
????? ??????
?????? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?
??????
??
????? ????
. ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ???????' ????? (????? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ?
????? ???????'
, ????? ????? ????
????? ????? ???? ?????
) ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????
1926
. ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? (?????? ?? ?? 6): "??????? ???? ?? ????".
??????? ???? ????? ???? 1932 ???? ???? ????? "??? ???"
(
St Paul's Girls' School
)
????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????. ??? ???, ?'??? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?? ?'??? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????, ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ?'???: "?? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ??????".
[1]
???? 4 ???? ???????, ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?
?????
,
??????
?
??????? ??????
?
???????
. ????? ??? "??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ????? 16 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???".
[2]
?-1938 ?????? ??????? ?
?????????? ?????????'
????? ?? ??????? ?????' ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ?????? ??????' ???? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??
????' ???????
???????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?
????????????
,
?????? ????? ????
. ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ?-1941 ?????? ?? ??????? ?
???? ?????
???? ????? ???,
????? ????????
.
?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? "??? ????", ????? ????.
[3]
???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????, ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????, ????? 1945 ????? ???? ?????? ????
??????
?? ???? ????? ?
???
. ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????
????? ?? ???????
.
[4]
??????
?????
?? ?????? ?
????? ????? ??????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??
????? ??????
, ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?
?????
??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???. ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? "???? ??? ??? ???: ??????, ??????, ????? ??????, ??????".
???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?
????
(
Laboratoire central des services chimiques de l'Etat
) ??????? ?? ?'?? ?????. ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ?? ???. ?????? ???? ?-15 ??????, ??? ??? ???, ??????????
????? ??????
???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?
????????
, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ??????, ?? ???????? ??
???????????? ??????? ???? ?????
, ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???.
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? 3,000 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??
????
???????
?????
????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????.
??????? ???? ???? ???? ?
??????
????? ?? ??????? ?
????????????
?? ???? ????? ?
??????
??????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?
????
?????
??????
: "??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????". ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????.
????? ???, ???? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????
???? ?-50
???? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ?
?????????
??????
????? ????' ??????
, ??????? ??
?'?? ????
(John Randall 1984-1905)
(
??'
)
.
??????? ?????? ????'
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
????? ????? ????' ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??
????? ???????
, ?????? ?
????????????
???? ??. ??????? ????? ?????? ????' ?????? ?-
5 ??????
1951
???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?
????????
, ?? ??
???????
??? ??
?????? ??????
.
??????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????', ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????', ?-4 ?????? 1950, ???? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? "????" ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ??, ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??: "?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?
???? ?????
???? ???? ?? ?? ????????".
[5]
????? ????? ?????? ????' ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??
????????
???
??????? ???????
. ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??, ??????? ??? ????? ?-DNA ????? ???? ???.
?????? "?????" ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? (?
???? ?????
) ????? ???? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ????????? ?
??????????
????? (??, ????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
??? ????
?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????) ? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????' ????? ???: "?????, ???? ??????-??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????".
[6]
?-
1 ????
1952
???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ???????, ??? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????'. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????: "??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????".
[7]
????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??
?'?? ?????? ????
, ??? ?????? ????????????? ?
????' ?????? ??????????? ??????
, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????': "???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ???. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????".
[8]
??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????' ?"?? ?????". ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? "????" ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ???, ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????, ?? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ??????.
???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
??? ????? ?
????? ???? ?-DNA
??????
???? ??????
??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?
????
, ????? ?
??????
?? ?
??????????
, ??????? ?
??????????
??? ???? ??? ??
???????
?
?????? ?????
??????? ?
????? ???
?? ?? ???? ??. ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?
????
, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???-?????? ??? ??????, ?? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ???????. ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? "??????" ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. ?? ?????? ???? ?-50 ?????? ??????? ????????, ?? ??, ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
????? ???????
, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????, ??? ?????, ?? ????? ???????. ???? 1951 ???? ??????? ??? ??
????? ????
, ???? ?????? ?
?????????
, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????. ??????
1951
????? ?????? ?? ?
??????? ???????
???????? ?
???? ???????
?? ??????? -
???? ????
?
???? ???
.
[9]
??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?
????? ???????
?????? ??? ?
???????
, ???
??? ???? ???????
,
?????? ????? ????
, ???? ?
???????????? ??????? ???? ?????
.
?????? ??, ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ??????,
?'???? ??????
?
?????? ????
. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????. ?-1949 ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????' ???? 1951 ????? ???? ????
???? ???????
. ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?
????????
, ???? ??? ??????? ??
????????
?
??????
??? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?
??????
, ?? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?? ???? ?????
?? ??????? ?-DNA, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? (????????? ????? ???? ??????) ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?-DNA. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?-DNA. ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????, ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA. ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ???????, ????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? (????? ??????????), ????? ???? ??-?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????, ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????.
??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????
????
???? ????? ?? ???? ????????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?"???? ?????". "?????" ????? ?????, ????? ???? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
???? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?-DNA. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?
???????
. ???? ??? ????
?????
("Crystalline") ??????? ???? ???? A, ????? ???? ???? ????
??
("Wet") ??????? ???? B. ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? A ??? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ??? B ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???. ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? A ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?-75%, ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? B. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? A ???? ?? ??? B ????? ???? ?????? ?? 75%.
??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ?????, ?????? ???-?????? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????: ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? "????????" ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????, ??????? ????? "????????" ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????).
?-
21 ???????
1951
?????? ????? ?????? ????' ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? (??????, ????? ?????? ?? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ???????). ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ????, ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?-DNA, ?? ?? ??????? ?
?????
?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????.
??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? 1951 ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? (?? ????? ?? ????) ????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?
???? ??????
?????, ??? ?????, ?????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ????????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????.
???????, ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????' ????? ?? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????, ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?-DNA ??????? ??????? ?????. ?-
1952
????
????? ????-?'???
?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??-DNA ???
????? ???????
????? ??? ???. ????? ????? 1953 ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
????? ????? 1953 ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?-DNA. ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? 1951) ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? (???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????), ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??, ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?-DNA, ???? ?????? ??? ?? "????? ?????": ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?-DNA. ???? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???
PNAS
.
[10]
?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
???? ?? DNA
????? 51
????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?-DNA. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???.
- ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? 1951
- ?? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????, ??? A ???? B ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ????????.
- ????? 51
-
????? ?????
?? ???????? ???? B, ????? ??????? ????? ??? 1952 ????. ?????? 1953, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????', ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ?-DNA. ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????. ????? ????, ????? "
????? ?????
", ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????: "???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????".
- ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??' 51, ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???
?'?? ?????? ????
, ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? "???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????".
- ??"? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? 1952 ???? ???? ???? ?-MRC
. ????? ????? 1952 ???? ????? ????
????? ????? ??????
(??? ??????? ?????? ??? MRC, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????), ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? (??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????). ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??"? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????????, ???????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ??????. ???"? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?-MRC ???
??? ????
, ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???"?, ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????. ???"? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???"? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?-DNA ??? ??
?????? ??????? ???????????
,
????? ???????? ??????
("????????? ????????").
?? ?????? ???"? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 1969 (???? ????? ???? "????? ?????"), ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???
Science
???? 1969 ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???"? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???"? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? (?? ??? ???? ????? ????) ?? ???"? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. "???? ???? ?? ???? ????"? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????". ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???"? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ???"? ??"? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????: "??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?-c ????? ???? ??????" (??? ?????? ????
?????? ??????? ???????????
). ?????? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (Anti-parallel). ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????.
??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?-Science ?????? ?? ????? ???, ????? ???"? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????????. ??? "????" ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???"?, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???"? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? 1951 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ???? (????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????) ????? ???"? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????.
[11]
????, ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? 1951 (???? ??????), ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???"? ? ??? ??? 1952. ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????, ?? ???"? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 1953, ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??' 51 ?? ??????? ???? ???? B, ?? ???? ??? ????"? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????. ?? ?? ??, ?????, ???? ?? ???? ????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????.
?????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???"? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???, ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????.
????, ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????"? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ?-
4 ???????
1953
???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? 51 ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???"? ?? ??????? ?-MRC ??? ????? ?????.
????? ????? (????? ????? ?????) ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ?-
28 ???????
1953
, ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?-Eagle ?????? ????? ?? "????? ?? ???? ?? ?????". ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ?-
2 ??????
1953.
????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA ????? ??????? ???? 171 ?? ??? ???
Nature
?-
25 ??????
1953. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? "????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????" (Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids). ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?-DNA. ??????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ??: ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? (???? ?? ???? ??????) ??? ???? "???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????????" (Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids), ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ? "????? ????????? ????????????" (Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate). ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????.
??? ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?
????? ????
????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??????. ????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ???????? ????. ?? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????? ??, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???: ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????.
?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???, ????? ???: "??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?"? ?. ?. ?. ???????, ?"? ?. ?. ??????? ???????? ?????? ????', ??????". ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????' ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? (Lynne Elkin), ??????? ????????? ????????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????: "??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????".
[12]
????? ?????? ???? ???? 1954 ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???, ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????.
????? ??? 1953 ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????' ????? ?????? ?????
???????????
?
????' ?????? ??????????? ??????
??????? ??
?'?? ?????? ????
. ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????'.
?-
17 ??????
1953
, ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????', ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? DNA ?????? ????? ???? ???:
"You will no doubt remember that when we discussed the question of your leaving my laboratory you agreed that it would be better for you to cease to work on the nucleic acid problem and take up something else".
???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?-DNA:
I appreciate that it is difficult to stop thinking immediately about a subject on which you have been so deeply engaged, but I should be grateful if you could now clear up…
?????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? DNA. ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????'. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??, ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??"? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?-DNA ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????.
?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?
?????
. ??? ????? ?
????
, ?? ?????? ??
?? ?????
??????? ??????? (????? ???? ?????), ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ?
???????
??? ???? ??????? ?
????
. ??? ????? ?? ?
???? ????? ????
, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?
?????
??? ?????
, ?? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??
????? ?????
. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??
????? ?????
, ??? ?????????????? ????????, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? (??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??
??? ????
?????? ??????? ???).
???? ???? ??????? ????
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????'. ?????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????????? (Torrington Square), ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????
?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ???, ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?
????????
. ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??
???? ??????? ????
(?????? ????? TMV, ???? ????? ??? ???????) ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? TMV ??? ??? ?? "????" ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?-19.
??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???, ???
????? ????
, ????? ????
????
?????? ?
???? ??????
, ???? ???? ???? ???? ?
????-???????
. ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? (???? ????) ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???, ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ???
????? ????
- ??? ????? ??'?? ????'. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????.
??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? TMV ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ?-TMV ?? ???? ????? ???? (?-3000
???????
). ????? ???????? ?? ??
???????
????? ????
(Norman Wingate Pirie; 1997-1907), ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???? (??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????) ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?-
Nature
. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ?-TMV ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?
?????????? ???????
??
?????????? ????????? ??????
, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????. ?-1956 ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? TMV. ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???-?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?-
RNA
??????? ??? ???-??????? ?? ??????.
???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?
????? ????? ??????
(ARC ? Agricultural Research Council) ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? (Public Health Service ????
????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
) ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????, 10,000
???"?
, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?????.
??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? 1956 ???? (???? ??????) ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? (??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 1954) ????? ???????, ??? ????, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????.
????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
????? ?????
???? ?????? ????. ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ?? (????? 1957) ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????
?????
??????????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????.
????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?'?? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? (????) ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?-DNA ?? ???, ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. ????? ??, ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? - ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? - ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA ?? ???.
????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???, ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???.
????? ?????? 1956, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?
???? ??????
. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??.
???? ??? 1957 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ?-
16 ??????
1958
????? ??????.
????? ???? ???? ????? ?-Nature ????:
???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????. ????? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????.
?
J. D. Bernal, Rosalind E. Franklin (obituary),
Nature
,
182
,154
?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????'
????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? 1958. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA. ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA ?? ??? ?????? ?????.
??? ???? ?"? ??? ??????? ???? ?????
?-
10 ??????
1962
????? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ??
??? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??????, ??? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???, ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????' ??? ???. ????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ?????? "?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????" ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ????.
???? ?? ??? ???? ?"?????-????" ????
?????
.
???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? 1968 ?? ????: "The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of The Structure of DNA" ("????? ?????"), ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????. ????? ?????? ????, ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ????? "??????", ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???, ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??.
?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? "??? ??????" (
Base Pairs
), ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??. ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? (????) ????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? "?'?? ?????" (Honest Jim) ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?
??????
???? ?? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??
?????????? ???????
??????? ???, ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ???,
?'?? ?????
, ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?
?'?? ?????? ????
. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? "???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????",
[13]
?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??.
???? ?????? ???? "????? ?????" ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? 1968, ????? ??? ???? 1974 ?? ???
????? ????
,
[14]
[15]
????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.
???? 1975 ????? ????? ?? ???? (Sayre, A)
????????
??? Rosalind Franklin And DNA, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? "????? ?????".
???? 2002 ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA.
???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? 2009 ??? "??????? ???????: ????? ????? ?? ???"?", ??????? ??
??? ??????-??
.
??? "????? ?????" ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ??? 1953, ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????', ??? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ???:
??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????
????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????' ??? "???? ???????-???????". ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? 1953 ??? ???? ??? ???? ??, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? "????? ?????" ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???.
?-2028 ????? ?
?????
?????
??????
??????? ???????
(
??'
)
.
[16]
?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????.
[17]
- Judson, F. H.(1996). The Eight Day of Creation (second edition). New Work: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
- Klug A. (1992). From Macromolecules to Biological Assemblies, Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1982. In T. Frangsmyr (Ed.), Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1981-1990. Singapore:
World Scientific
Publishing Co.
- Maddox, B. (2002). Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. London: Harper Collins.
- Sayre, A. (1975). Rosalind Franklin And DNA (reissued 2000). New York: W.W .Norton.
- Olby, R. (1974). The path to the double helix - The discovery of DNA (1994 edition). New York: Dover publication inc.
- Watson, J. D. (1968). The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of The Structure of DNA (2001 edition). New York: Touchstone.
- Wilkins M. (2003). The third man of the double helix. New York Oxford University Press.
- Wilkins, H.F.M. (1964). The molecular configuration of nucleic acids, Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1962. In Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1942-1962. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company.
- Abir-Am, P. (2004). DNA AT 50: Institutional and Biographical Perspectives, Minerva, 42, 191?213.
- Bernal, J.D. (1958). Dr. Rosalind E. Franklin, Nature, 182, 154-154.
- Elkin, l. (2003). Rosalind Franklin and the double helix, Physics today, 56, 42-48.
- Franklin, R. E. & Gosling, R.G. (1953). Molecular Configuration in Sodiom Thymonucleate, Nature, 171, 740-741.
- Franklin R. E and Gosling R.G. (1953). The structure of sodium thymonucleate fibres. II. The cylindrically symmetrical Patterson function Acta Cryst. 6, 678-685.
- Glynn. J. (2008) Rosalind Franklin: 50 years on, Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 62, 253?255.
- Klug, A. (1968). Rosalind Franklin and the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, Nature. 219, 808-810, 843-844.
- Klug, A. (1974). Rosalind Franklin and the double helix, Nature, 248, 787-788.
- Klug, A. (2004). The Discovery of the DNA Double Helix, Journal of Molecular biology, 335, 3-26.
- Paterlini, M. (2003). History and science united to vindicate Perutz, Letter to the editor, Nature, 424, 127-127.
- Perutz, M.F., Wilkins M. H. F. and Watson J.D. (1969). DNA Helix, Science 27, 1537-1539.
- Watson, J. D & Crick, F.H.C. (1953). Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids, Nature, 171, 737-738.
- Angela N. H. Creager and Gregory J. Morgan,
After the Double Helix - Rosalind Franklin's Research on Tobacco mosaic virus
,
Isis
, Vol. 99, No. 2, June 2008, in
JSTOR
- What Rosalind Franklin truly contributed to the discovery of DNA’s structure
, ????? ????'?, 25 ?????? 2023
- ???? ???????
,
????? ??-?-? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ????
, ????
????
, 16 ??????? 2004
- ???? ???? ???? ?????,
????? ?? ??? ?????
, ????? "???? ??? ? ?????? ?????????"
???? ???,
???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????
, ????
TheMarker
, 17 ?????? 2016
- ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????
- ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????
- ?"? ??? ??????, "
??????? ?????? ??????
" ????
???? ??????? ?????? ????
, 17 ?????? 2016.
- ????? ?????,
????? ????? ?? ???"?
, ??? ???? ????, ????
?????
- ??? ?????,
???????? ?? ??????? ???????
, Jewish Women Encyclopedia
- ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
- ??? ????
,
?? ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????
, ????
????
, 20 ?????? 2010 ?
????? ??????
, ????
????
, 10 ??????? 2010
- 63 ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?-DNA, ????? ????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ???????
- ???? ????,
??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
, ???? ????
??? ???????
, ?????? 2019
- ??????? ???????
, ???? "
Find a Grave
"
(???????)
- ??????? ???????
, ????
??????????? ????????
(???????)
- Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920-1958)
, Newnham College, University of Cambridge
(???????)
??????? ???? ??????? (1920-1958)
, ?? ??? ?
?????? ???????
- ^
????? - ??????? ??????? - ????? ????? ?? ???"? ??' 49
- ^
????? - ??????? ??????? - ????? ????? ?? ???"? ??' 55
- ^
????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?"?????,"??? ????", "??? ????" ?"?????".
- ^
????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????' ?? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? "?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????", ????? ??' 76
- ^
"This means that as far as the Experimental X-ray effort is concerned there will be at the moment only yourself and Gosling."
- ^
"In short, an upper-middle-class anglo-jewish women with French tastes in serious discourse suddenly found herself in an environment friendly to everything she was not."
- ^
"When I got back from my summer holiday I had a terrific crisis with Wilkins which nearly resulted in my going straight back to Paris"
- ^
And they seem to collect a large proportion of foreigners on the stuff, which is a good sign. King's has neither foreigners nor Jews.
- ^
Linus Pauling, Robert B. Corey, and H. R. Branson,
The Structure of Proteins
, PNAS, April 1951
- ^
Linus Pauling and Robert B. Corey,
A Proposed Structure For The Nucleic Acids
, PNAS, February 1953
- ^
???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????'?
History and science united to vindicate Perutz
(?????? ???? ????, 4 ????? 2017)
- ^
Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix
- ^
????? ?? ???? ?????? ?-20 ?????? 1966
- ^
Klug, A. "Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix", Nature 248 (26 April 1974): 787?788
- ^
Klug, A. Rosalind Franklin and the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, Nature 219 (24 August 1968): 808?810 & 843.
- ^
Jeff Foust,
ExoMars official says launch unlikely before 2028
, spacenews.com, May 3, 2022
- ^
https://www.space.gov.il/news-space/131708