?????? ????
[1]
(??????:????? ????;
19 ??????
1926
-
9 ????
1997
) ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1957.
[2]
?????? ???? ????? ?
????
?-19 ??????
1926
. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??
????? ??-???
???????? ?????
?????
, ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? 1939. ??? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????: ??????? ?????? ???????????,
????? ??????????
???????, ???????? ???????
?????
. ???? ???, ???? ????? ???? 15 ????, ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???.
[3]
???? 1956 ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?
????? ????
, ?????? ????
???????
,
????
, ?
?????
??????. ??? ??, ???? ???? 4,000 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????.
[4]
?????
????? ???????
???? 1973, ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? "?? ?????? ???????". ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???????: ?? ?? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? 6 ????????, ??????? ?????? ????????.
?????? ?????
???? ?????
???? 1956, ????? ?????,
???? ??? ?? ????
,
?????? ?????
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???, ?-1957. ??????? ??? ??? ?? 16 ???? ???? 2,000 ???????. ????
??? ???
?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?? 70% ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????.
[5]
????? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? 110,807 ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ????, ??"? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ?? ???? ???????.
[6]
???? ?????
??????? ?????
?????? 14 ????? 1957, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????
?????? ????
. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????, ???????
????? ????
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? 1958, ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?
????????
. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???, ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ???-???????? ?????? ?? ???????
???????? ??????
?????? ?????-?????????????, ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????, ???? ????? 25 ????, ???? 1984, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????
????????
.
[7]
??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? 1993. ???? ????? ???? 1997 ???? 71.
???? ????? ??????
?????????
????????? ??????. ?????? 2007 ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? 50 ???? ???????? ????????? ?????. ???? ?????
????? ??-????
?
??????
, ???? ??????? ??????? ?
???? ?????
?????? ??? ???? ???, ?
??? ????
??????? ?? ??, ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????.
- Bukhari, S. M. H., & Asim, M. (2013). Women empowerment in a Muslim society: A Practical Observation. Women, 5(1).
- Sullivan, Earl. (1986).
Women In Egyptian Public Life
. Syracuse University Press