??? ?? ???? ?"??????????? ?????", ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ???
??????????? (?????????)
.
???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????????
(?
??????
:
Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus
) ????? ?? ?
?????????????????? ??????
?? ?
??????????? ?????
(
27 ???????
272
?
22 ????
337
) ???
????
??????? ?????? ???????
????
312
??
324
, ?????
???????? ??????
???? ???? 324 ?? ???? ???? 337.
??? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?-31 ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???, ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?
?????
??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????-
????
???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ?
?????
??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????.
[1]
???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????.
??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????. ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????
??? ??????
.
[2]
??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???. ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????-????? ??????? ?????? ???, ????
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??????????? ??? ??? ???? ????,
???????????????
, ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ?????? "???? ?????". ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????.
???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? - ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.
[2]
?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????.
- ??? ????? ?
???? ???? ?-3
????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? (??????? ???????? ?? ?????, ??????) ????? ???
?????????
(????? ?? ?????) ?????. ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??-?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????.
[3]
?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????
???? ???? ?-3
. ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
???????????
(284?305 ??????), ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????, ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? '
???????
' ("????? ??????"). ????? ??, ?????? ??????, ???? 285, ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????
??????????
. ??????????? ???? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus) ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????.
[4]
?????????? ??????
, ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????
????????????
, ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
???????? ???? ???????
?
??????????
. ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????. ??? ????? ??, ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????
?????????
?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? (??????: Protectores Augusti Nostri). ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????
???????? ????????
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
?????
??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???
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???????????? ??? ???? ??? ????????????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????.
???? ????? ????? 285 ????
??????
????? ??????????? ??
??????????
?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????.
???? 286, ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????, ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????
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, ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???
???????
- ?
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???? (????) + ???? (?????) - "????? ??????", ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????: ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?????? ????
[5]
???? 293 ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ('??????') ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ('????????'): ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????, ?
??????
??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? '
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': ????? '????????' ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???, ???? ????? '????' ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???. ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????.
[6]
?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????
?????? ????? ????
???? ????? ??
?????? ????????? ????????
(Flavia Maximiana Theodora) ??? ?? ??????????. ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????: ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????.
[7]
??????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? 30 ??? ?????? ?????? ??????-???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????????.
[8]
??????????? ???? ?
??????
???? 27 ??????? 272, ?????
?????????? ??????
, ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ?? ???
?????? ?????? ???????????
.
???? 1 ???? 293 ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? (
????
) ?
???
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?
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. ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ????????, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????.
??? ????? 303 ?-305 ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????. ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????
??????
, ???? ????? ????????????, ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????. ?? ?? ????????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????.
???? 304 ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????,
?????? ?????? ??????
, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?
????????? ????
???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ???? ??, ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?-1 ???? 305 ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ????, ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ???? ?
????????
?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????.
????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? 306 ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????.
[9]
?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????
25 ?????
306, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? (
????
). ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? "????" ?"????????", ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????, ??????? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???.
[8]
??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???: ??????, ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????
????????
??? ???. ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????????, ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ???????????. ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????????.
[10]
?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? 307?308 ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????.
???? 11 ??????? 308 ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????
????????
, ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????
????????????
(Licinius). ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????.
[11]
?????? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 6 ?????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? - ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? 313, ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????, ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???
?????? ?????? ??????
????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????.
?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? 313 ??
?????? ????? ?????????
(
??'
)
, ????? ????? ?? ???????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????
?? ??????
(???????: Edictum Mediolanensium), ?????? "?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????", ??? ?????
???????
????
?????? ?
??????? ??????
????
313
. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?
??????
???? ??? ????? (Religio Illicita) ??? ????? (Religio licita) ????????, ??? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ?????,
???? ????? ?? ??? ?????
, ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??.
[12]
- ??? ????? ?
??? ??? ???????
????? ??? 308 ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????.
???? 310 ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????
???
????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??, ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????
?????
, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????????, ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? 310 ??? ??? ?? ????.
[13]
???? ????? ????????? ?? ???????????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ??????? ????, ???? ?? ????. ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?
?? ????
. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????: ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? (Superstitiosa maleficia) ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???-???, ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? (Sibylline) ????-??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????. ???? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? "???? ???????" (Divina Praecepta). ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ?"????? ???????" (Devine Mind) ???? ?????? ?? ????.
[14]
?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??. ????? ?? ????? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????.
[15]
??????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ????. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?
?????
???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?-1:2 ????? ????????. ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? "?????? ???????" (Saxa Rubera), ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ??? ??????? (Pons Mulvius) ??? ??? ?????. ?????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ???
??? ??? ???????
??? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ????.
[16]
?? ???????
??????? ???????
, ???? ?? ????????? "
??? ???????????
"
(
??'
)
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
[17]
?? ??
?????????
(
??'
)
, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????????, ???? ???????????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?
?? ??
.
[18]
???????
???? ???? ????, ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? "????? ?? ????".
[19]
?????? ?????? ?-28 ???????? 312 ?????? ?
??? ??? ???????
. ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????, ???? ????. ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????: ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????, ????????? ???? - ???? ????. ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????.
[20]
??????? ?? ???????????, ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??
??? ???????????
?'??? ????' ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?-16 ???????, ?????? ????
????
????? ????? ???? ?????
?'???? ?????
.
[21]
??????????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? 314 ?? ???? 324, ??????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????, ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.
[22]
???? 314 ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????, ??????????? ????? ?? ????
???????
, ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?
??? ??????
????? ???? 8 ???????? 314 ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????-?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
[23]
???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ?????
??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 316. ???? ??? 316 ????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???
??? ??????
??????? ???
????????
????????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????????? ???? ??
???? ????
?
??????
???? 317. ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????
?????
.
[24]
????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????
???????
??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????
??????????? ????
???????. ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?
????????
???? ????, ??????, ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? - ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.
[25]
?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????. ??? ????? ?????????
???????
(
Labarum
)
- ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?
????? ?????
???????? ???????
?? ??
,
[26]
????????
??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? "????????", ?? "????" ?
??????
. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 50 ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??????.
[25]
?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? 321 ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??
????? ????????
. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 317. ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ?? ??? 324 ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????: ??????????? ???? ?-120,000 ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ?-200 ?????? ????? ?-2000 ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??
??????
(
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3 ?????
324
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[27]
???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? (Sextus Marcius Martinianus) ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?
?????????
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???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????
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, ?????? ?-
18 ???????
324, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?
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?? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? 30,000 ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????
????????
, ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? - ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ?????????? ???? ????? ???? 325 ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????.
???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????
?????????? ????
- ??? ?? 7 ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? 3 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.
[28]
???? 326 ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? 20 ??? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ????
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[29]
??????????? ??????? "?????? ?? ???????" ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.
?????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.
?? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????, ??? ?? 12 ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? "????????". ???? 332 ???? ?????????? ????, ?? ??? ???-????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????
??????
, ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??
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, ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? "???????" ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????.
[30]
???? 333 ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????, ???? 36 ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??
???????? ????????
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, ???? 336 ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
?????? 337 ??? ??????????? ??
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. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??
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, 22 ???? 337.
[31]
?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?
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[32]
?? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????, ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?
??? ??????????
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??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????, ????? ??
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?? ???? ???. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? (pontifex maximus) ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.
??????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? 312. ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ???
?????? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????
[33]
?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????
???????????
,
[34]
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
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, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????.
[35]
????? ??????? ???????
??? ????
???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?
????
???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???. ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? - ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???
?????? ????????
(
??'
)
??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????.
[36]
?????? ??? ?????? (Anna Wilson) ????? ??????? ?? ???????? "??? ???????????" ??? ???? ???????, ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ???? (?'???) ?? ????? "????????????", "???????? ?????". ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ???. ??? ??, ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? (????, ?'). ?????? ????? ??????: ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????. "????? ?? ????" ????? ?"???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (????, ?', ?'). ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ??? ?? ?? ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????. ?? ????? ?? ???? "?????" (???? ?? ?????), ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ??????.
[37]
??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????.
[38]
????? ?????? ???? 303 ??? ?
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????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? "???????" ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? 2 ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????? "???????" ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?-2 ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? 321 ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? 3 ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?
?????
??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.
[39]
?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?-7.
????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????: ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.
- ????? ??????? ?
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????? ??????
??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???, ??? ???? ????. ???? 320, ????? ?????????, ??????
??????? ????? ?????????
, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ??, ??? ?? ????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??, ??????
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[40]
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?????? ?????? 318). ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
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19 ?????
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[41]
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???? 321 ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?
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[42]
??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? 324 ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????, ??????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????
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[43]
?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ???
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[44]
???? ????? ?-11 ???? 330 ???????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 330 ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ????????????? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? - ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? (Ius Italicum) ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
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(Dominate) - ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????
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. ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????????, ???? 31 ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????.
[45]
??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?"???? ?????" (
Dominus et Deus
), ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??.
[46]
??????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ????? ????? ????.
??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ? "??????" (comes) ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ( missi domestici) ???????. ??????????? ????? ?? ????? "???????" (Patricus) ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?-4 ??????-?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????
????? ?????????
?? ?? ?? ?
????? ??????????
???? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ????. 12 ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?-4 ???? ????????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? "????? ????" ?? ?????? ??????????. ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?
????????
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??? ???????
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????????. ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????.
[47]
??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???: ??????? ???? ????? ???? - ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ( auxillia) ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????
?????
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????? ???????
.
[48]
??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?-250,000 ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ?-400,000 ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?-500,000.
[49]
?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?
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, ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??.
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???????????
(comitatenses) ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? (comitatus) ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? 2 ?????? ??? ??? ?????? (Magister peditum) ????? ??? ?????? (Magister equitum),?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????: ???????, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????: ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? 1000 ?????? ?????? ???
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?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???? 500 ?????. ??? ???? ?
????????
(limitanei) ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (dux) ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????.
[50]
?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????.
???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 2 ??????. ????? ?????? comitiva sacrarum largitonum "????? ???? ????" ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ?"????? ????" ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????.
[51]
?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 4.5 ??? ?????
???????
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(Siliqua) ????? 2.7 ??? ????? ???? ?? 1/24 ?? ???? ????????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ?
?????????
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[52]
????? ???? ??? ??????? comes rerum privatarum ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????"? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???
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????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ?????, ??????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ??????? ????? res privatae ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-largitonum
?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????
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: Αγ?α Ιερουσαλ?μ, ??????? ??????).
[53]
??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? "???????? ?????" ("???????? ????"), ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????-????. ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? (???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???, ?? ???? ????? ?
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???? ??????? ??????? (Makarios of Jerusalem), ????
325
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????? ????
???? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????.
?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?
??? ?? ?????
???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????.
[54]
???? 1998 ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?
???? ???????
???? ??? ?
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????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ???????: "???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????".
[55]
???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ???"? ??????? ????? ?"????? ??????" ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????.
??????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????: "??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????".
[56]
????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????
????????
????? ???????.
?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? 328 ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? "?? ????? ??? ?????... ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????", ?????? ?? ????: "??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????".
?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???
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, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?
?????
, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.
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(
Equal-to-apostles
)
??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? "????? ?-13". ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?
????-??? ???????
.
[57]
?
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????? ?? ????? ??? "??????????? ?????"
[58]
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: Arcus Constantini) ???
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, ??? 312 ??????. ?????? ?????? ??, ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??
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.
????, ??? ????? ??? 21 ?????, ????? 25.7 ?????, ?????? 7.4 ?????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? (????? ?? 11.5 ????? ?????? ?? 6.5 ?????). ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????
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[59]
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[60]
?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? [??????] ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??, ????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????".
- ??? ????
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?????? ??????? ??????
, ???????:
????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????
, 2002
(???? ?????? ULI)
- ?????? ?????
,
?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
, ?????: ???? ????, ????? "???? ???", ?? ????, 1955.
- ????? ????????
,
?????? ??????? ??? ?????????
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???? ??????? ? ?????? ????
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?????????? ???????
, ???"? 1995.
(???? ?????? ULI)
- ???? ????,
?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????
,
?????
, 29, ???? 1988, ??' 28?35
- The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, 2nd edition. Edited by Alan Bowman, University of Cambridge 2005 ISBN
0521301998
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 876
- ^
1
2
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 874
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 791-794.
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ??' 793.
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Charles Odahl. Constantine and the Christian Empire (Roman Imperial Biographies). Routledge (September 24, 2004) pp 43-45
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??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002, ??' 795.
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Hekster, Olivier: "The city of Rome in late imperial ideology: The Tetrarchs, Maxentius and Constantine", Pp. 1. Mediterraneo antico : economie, societa, culture. 1999 v. 2 (2):717-748.
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2
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ???? 827
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ???? 826
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002, ??' 828.
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337,University of Cambridge 2005 page 92
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The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, University of Cambridge 2005 page 93
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??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ???? 828
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Charles Matson Odahl,
Constantine and the Christian Empire
, New York, N.Y,USA: Routledge, 2004, ??' 100
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Charles Matson Odahl,
Constantine and the Christian Empire
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Cameron, Averil & Stuart, George Hall,
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.
Online Catholic Encyclopedia
.
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Eusebius. "1.28".
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.
www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu
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??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ??' 831?833.
- ^
Speidel, Michael: "Maxentius and His 'Equites Singulares' in the Battle at the Milvian Bridge", Pp. 253. Classical Antiquity, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Oct., 1986), pp. 253-262, University of California Press
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 840
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, 2nd edition. Edited by Alan Bowman, University of Cambridge 2005 page 93
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 840?841
- ^
1
2
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ???? 842
- ^
?????, ???,
???????? ?? ??????
, ???? ???????, 1991, ??' 107, ???"?
9650505466
.
(??????)
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, University of Cambridge 2005 page 94
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The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, University of Cambridge 2005 page 104
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ??? 862
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 863
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, University of Cambridge 2005 page 106
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 864
- ^
Averil Cameron, Stuart George Hall Life of Constantine Clarendon Press, 1999 pp 4-6
- ^
Timothy David Barnes Constantine and Eusebius Harvard University Press, 1981 pp 272-275
- ^
A. H. M. Jones Constantine and the Conversion of Europe Read Books Ltd, 2011 pp 85-90
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ?????? 836?837
- ^
Anna Wilson, Samuel N.C. Lieu & Dominic Montserrat (?),
Constantine: History, Historiography and Legend
, London: Routledge, 1998, ??' 116-117
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 846
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337,University of Cambridge 2005 page 95
- ^
???? ?'???,
?????? ??????: ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (800-100)
, ?????: ??????????? ??????, 2005, ??' 90-91
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, University of Cambridge 2005 page 98
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ???? 861
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ???? 860
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, University of Cambridge 2005 page 101
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, University of Cambridge 2005 page 102
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 800
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, University of Cambridge 2005 page 103
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ???? 869?870
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 871
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 870.
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ???? 868
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?"? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???????, 2002 ???? 868?869
- ^
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, University of Cambridge 2005 page 99
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 859
- ^
?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? : ?' ???????, '??'?? - ????? ????? ????? ???????????', ????? ???????????? 110 (1999), ??' 111 - 112; ?' ???????, ??'?? - ??????? ???????????, ????? 97 (2000), ??' 169 - 171; ?' ????,
??????
46 (2004) ??' 51* - 53*.
- ^
??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ?????, 2002 ???? 856
- ^
????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????
- ^
????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????
- ^
Maria Letizia Conforto et al.,
Adriano e Costantino
. Le due fasi dell'arco nella Valle del Colosseo, Milano 2001
- ^
inspired by the divine