?????

????? (? ?????? : Legation ) ??? ???? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ? ??????? . ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? , ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? , ????? ? ????? , ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?????.

???? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? , ?? ??? ???? ????, ”????????? ?????? ??????? ??????; ???? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ???????? ???????” ( ??? ???? , ??? ?"? , ???? ?"? ) ????? ????? ”... ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????.” ( ??? ?????? , ??? ?' , ???? ?' ).

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?-19 ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?-20 ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? , ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ^[1]. ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? , ?????????? ?????-?????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? , ???? ? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ^[2].

? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? " ????? " (Ambassador) ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? , ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? (Minister ?? Envoy) ^[3], ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??????????? ????. ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? , ^[2] ????? ??? ??-1893 ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??????? , ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ^[1]. ???????? ?????????? ????????, ? ??????? ? ??????? , ?????? ?????????? ?-1966 ^[4].

???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? , ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?-1940, ??????? ?????????? ?-1991 ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ^[5]^[6], ????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???? ?????? , ??? ?????? ?????????? ?-1991 ^[7] ?-1994 ^[8] ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ^[9].

??????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????, ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? "????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????" ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?????? 1949. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² Allen, Debra J. (2012). Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from the Revolution to Secession . Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780810878952 . Basically, because of diplomatic protocol, a receiving state would not dispatch a representative with a higher rank than it has received, so when the U.S. sent ministers, it also received ministers, not ambassadors. ... The U.S. adjusted its ranking system in 1893 and began to send and receive ambassadors.
^ ¹ ² Washburne, E. B. (1889). Recollections of a Minister to France, 1869?1877 . New York: Scribner.
^ Debra J. Allen, Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from the Revolution to Secession , Scarecrow Press, 2012-09-13, ??' 84, ISBN 978-0-8108-7895-2 . (???????)
^ Hungary - Countries - Office of the Historian , history.state.gov
^ Kempster, Norman ( 31 ???????? 1988 ). "Annexed Baltic States: Envoys Hold On to Lonely U.S. Postings" . Los Angeles Times . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )
^ U.S. Department of State ( ??????? 1990 ). Diplomatic List . U.S. Government Printing Office. {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
^ "Finland (Republic of)" . www.dirco.gov.za . ???? ?- 2021-02-16 .
^ "Sweden (The Kingdom of)" . www.dirco.gov.za . ???? ?- 2021-02-16 .
^ "Iceland (Republic of)" . www.dirco.gov.za . ???? ?- 2021-02-16 .

[allen2012-1] ¹ ² Allen, Debra J. (2012). Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from the Revolution to Secession . Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780810878952 . Basically, because of diplomatic protocol, a receiving state would not dispatch a representative with a higher rank than it has received, so when the U.S. sent ministers, it also received ministers, not ambassadors. ... The U.S. adjusted its ranking system in 1893 and began to send and receive ambassadors.

[washburne_memoirs_1-2] ¹ ² Washburne, E. B. (1889). Recollections of a Minister to France, 1869?1877 . New York: Scribner.

[3] Debra J. Allen, Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from the Revolution to Secession , Scarecrow Press, 2012-09-13, ??' 84, ISBN 978-0-8108-7895-2 . (???????)

[4] Hungary - Countries - Office of the Historian , history.state.gov

[5] Kempster, Norman ( 31 ???????? 1988 ). "Annexed Baltic States: Envoys Hold On to Lonely U.S. Postings" . Los Angeles Times . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )

[6] U.S. Department of State ( ??????? 1990 ). Diplomatic List . U.S. Government Printing Office. {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )

[7] "Finland (Republic of)" . www.dirco.gov.za . ???? ?- 2021-02-16 .

[8] "Sweden (The Kingdom of)" . www.dirco.gov.za . ???? ?- 2021-02-16 .

[9] "Iceland (Republic of)" . www.dirco.gov.za . ???? ?- 2021-02-16 .

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