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" ????? ???? ????? " ? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.

????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ^[1] ????, ?????? ????? " ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? " ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????.

??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????-???????? ???????. ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???. ????? ???, ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????.

????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ^[2]

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? pessimus ??????? ??? "??? ?????".

??????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ? ??????????#?????????? , ????-?????? , ????????

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? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? , ?????? , ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? , ????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ??????, ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? "??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????". ??? ???? ?? ? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?????.

????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??, ?? ????? ????? ??, ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????.

????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????, ^[3] ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ?????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.

????????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ( 500 ????"? ) ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???. ^[^{???? ????
]}

????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ^[^{???? ????
]} ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????-?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? "????? ??? ???":

???? ????? ???????????, ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ????. ????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? "???? ????" ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????... ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????

????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? , ??? ????? ????? ??????? . ????????? ?????, ???? ??? ?? "???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ????? ???". ^[^{???? ????
]}

??? ??, ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? , ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ????, ????? ??????? ??? ??, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? , ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????: ”????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ????. ??? ??????? ??????????, ??? ?? ????? ???????.” ^[4]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????, ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? , ????? " ????? ??????? ?????? ", ???? ?????? ???????? (?????, ???? " nana10 ‏")
??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
??????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Definition of PESSIMISM , www.merriam-webster.com, ‏2023-12-13 (???????)
^ Oliver Bennett, Cultural Pessimism: Narratives of Decline in the Postmodern World , Edinburgh University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7486-0936-9 . (???????)
^ ”???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? (???????????) ?????... ????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????... ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????... ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.” ? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????, ??????? ???????, 1714 ?????: ???? ???
^ Look. I consider myself a realist, all right, but in philosophical terms, I'm what's called a pessimist. , MagicalQuote (??????? ????????)

[1] Definition of PESSIMISM , www.merriam-webster.com, ‏2023-12-13 (???????)

[2] Oliver Bennett, Cultural Pessimism: Narratives of Decline in the Postmodern World , Edinburgh University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7486-0936-9 . (???????)

[3] ”???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? (???????????) ?????... ????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????... ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????... ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.” ? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????, ??????? ???????, 1714 ?????: ???? ???

[4] Look. I consider myself a realist, all right, but in philosophical terms, I'm what's called a pessimist. , MagicalQuote (??????? ????????)

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