??????? ????

??????? ????
Caius Plinius Secundus
	??????? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?-19
????	23 ?? 24 ; Novum Comum , ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????
?????	79 (???? 55) ; Stabiae , ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????
?????	???? ??????
???? ??????	?????? , ?????? ?????
?????? ??????	?????? ????
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????? ??????? ??????? (? ?????? : Gaius Plinius Secundus ; ??? 23 ?????? ? 25 ??????? 79 ), ????? ??? ??????? ???? , ??? ???? , ????????? , ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ???? ???? (Novum Komum) ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? (Equites) ???? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ????? ????????? . ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? , ??? ?? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? , ???? ?? ????, ????? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ? ???? , ???? ??????? , ????????? , ??????? , ??????? ??????.

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 45 ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????? . ?-47 ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ????????? ?????? ????? , ???? ? ???? . ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? , ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? . ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? .

????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? , ???? ?????, ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????, ????????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ????? ????? , ?????? ????. ???? 52 ??? ?????.

??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? .

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ???? ? ??????? , ???????? ??? ??? ???? - "????????? ?? ??????? ?????????", ????? ?-20 ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? 59. ???? 36 ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ????????? - ???? ?????????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? 64 ???? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ????????? ???? 68. ???? 69, ??? ??? ????? ??????? , ????? ???? ???????: ???? , ???? , ??????? , ? ????????? .

?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? 70 ??? ???? ????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????? , ????? 73 ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? . ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????? , ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ????.

??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? 79 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????? , ?- 24 ??????? 79 , ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? , ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? . ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??, ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? - ???? ?? ?? ??? , ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? 1794, ???? ?????????? ?? 1872 ???? 1873, ????? ???????. ^[1] ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ^[2] ???? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? 27 ???? ???? ???. ^[3]

????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????. ???? ??, ?? ?? ??? ????????, ???? ??????, ???? ??? "???????" ????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? , ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? 1669

??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????:

????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????.

??? ??? ????? ????, ???? ??????, ???? ????????? . ??? ????? ????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ? ?????? , ???????? ? ????????? . ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???. ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????-???? ??? ?????? ??? ? ????? , ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ????? , ???? , ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ????? . ^[4]

?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? - " ?????? ???? " ( Historia naturalis ): ??????????? ?? 37 ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ^[5] ?????? ????? ??? ???? ? ???????? , ???????? , ????????? , ?????? , ???? , ????? ? ????? .

????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ????? ????????? . ??? ???? ??? ^{[????? ?????]}:

????? ?? ???????? , ???? ?? ????? ???????? , ????? ?? ???? (?????) ??? ???. ??? ???? ????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????.

? " ?????? ???? ", ??? 33, 63

??????? ????? ???? 77 ?? ???????????? "?????? ????" ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????????.

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Menahem Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism , Jerusalem, 1976, Vol. I, LXXVIII. Pliny the Elder, pp. 465-501 (???? ?????? ULI)
???? ???? , ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? , ?? ???? ??-??? , ???"?-1991; ????? ???-????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???, ??' 246?260. (???? ?????? ULI)

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???? , ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? (???????)

??????? ???? , ???? ??????? Goodreads
??????? ???? ??????? (23-79), ???? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????
????? ???, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? , ???? ???? , 1 ??????? 2017
???????, ????? ????? ??????? ?? , ???? ??????? ?"? ???? ????? . ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??-?????
??????? ???? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
49420 ???? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? (???????)

"Pliny the Elder" by Jona Lendering in: Livius.org
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History . Translated by J. Bostock and H.T. Riley. London, Taylor and Francis,1855. Digitized copy in: Perseus
Plinius, Naturalis Historia . Edited by Karl Mayhoff. Teubner Edition. (???????). Digitized copy in: Perseus

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? (???????, ??? ????? ??????)
^ ??????? ????? , ? The Letters of Pliny the Younger by the Younger Pliny , ? ?????? ??????? (???????)
^ ?"? ?. ?., ???? ???????? - ????? ?????" ?? ?????????? , ??? , 27 ????? 1933
^ ??????? ????, ?????? ???? , ??? ?, ????? 16-14 (???????)
^ ????? 33?37 ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?- 2009 ???? ??? ??? ???? . ???? ???? ??????? ?????: ?????, ????, ????????, ????? ? ???? ?? .

[1] ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? (???????, ??? ????? ??????)

[2] ??????? ????? , ? The Letters of Pliny the Younger by the Younger Pliny , ? ?????? ??????? (???????)

[3] ?"? ?. ?., ???? ???????? - ????? ?????" ?? ?????????? , ??? , 27 ????? 1933

[4] ??????? ????, ?????? ???? , ??? ?, ????? 16-14 (???????)

[5] ????? 33?37 ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?- 2009 ???? ??? ??? ???? . ???? ???? ??????? ?????: ?????, ????, ????????, ????? ? ???? ?? .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]