????????? ???????

? ?? ? ????? , ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????????? . ??????? ??? "?????" (?????), ??? ??????? ??????????, ?????? , ??????? , ??? ? ?????? . ????? ?????? ??? " ???? " (????), ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????????, ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? . ^[1]

?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????, ? ????? , ??????, ????, ?????, ????. ^[2]

??? ? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? , ??-?'???? , ??-???? , ??? ???? , ??-?????? ????. ^[3]

?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????'?? ( ???? ?-9 ?????? ???????), ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-6 ???? ??????? ( ???? ?-12 ?????? ???????). ?????? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? , ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[4]

?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ? ????? . ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????. ^[5]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????

????????? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
????????? ??????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ The Oxford handbook of Islamic philosophy , New York, NY
^ Adamson, Peter, 1972-, Philosophy in the Islamic world : a history of philosophy without any gaps, volume 3 , First edition, Oxford, United Kingdom
^ Leaman, Oliver, 1950-, Islamic philosophy : an introduction , 2nd ed, Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2009
^ Classical Arabic philosophy : an anthology of sources , Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Company, 2007
^ Philosophy in the Islamic world , Leiden

[1] The Oxford handbook of Islamic philosophy , New York, NY

[2] Adamson, Peter, 1972-, Philosophy in the Islamic world : a history of philosophy without any gaps, volume 3 , First edition, Oxford, United Kingdom

[3] Leaman, Oliver, 1950-, Islamic philosophy : an introduction , 2nd ed, Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2009

[4] Classical Arabic philosophy : an anthology of sources , Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Company, 2007

[5] Philosophy in the Islamic world , Leiden

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[2]

[3]

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[5]