?????????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????

????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????: ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????-???????-????, ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? . ????? ???, ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? . ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? (???????? ????).

????? "?????????" ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?- 11 ??????? 1789 ?????? ?? "????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????".

????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????-?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?-10 ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? , ????? ????, ??????, ?????? ? ????? ????? , ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????.

????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????-???????? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? , ????? , ???? ,? ??????? . ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????????, ?????? ?? ????.

?????? ??????????

? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? , ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? (????? ?????? ???????). ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????.

????? ? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????-????? ?? ???????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ?- 486 , ???? ??? ?????? , ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? , ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? . ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????-????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????. ???????????? (???????, ??? ????? ?????-?????) ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????.

??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? (????????) ??? ??????, [1] ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? , ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? (?????? ?????????). ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???-????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? (?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????) ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? (???? ???????) ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??.

????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????? (Liber homo ?? Potentes) ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.

??????? ?????? ???????-???????

????? ??? ???????, ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???-???????.

????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? Ingenui in obsequio (??? ????? ?????? ????). [2]

??????? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? (????? ?? ???????) ????????; ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????.

??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????-?? ????? ?? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?? ??? ??-????? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.

??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? , ???? ????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? " ????? " (? ?????? : Honoris) ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????, [3] ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ???-????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??-??-??????? (Res de comitatu) ?? ?????? ???????? (Comitatus) ?? ?????????? (Ministerium).

?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????; ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????-?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????-?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????.

?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????-???? ?? ????? ???????? . ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????-?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????.

??????? ??????????

?????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? (???? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????), ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? , ???? ? ?????? , ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? .

????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????-???????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????; ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????-?????? . ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????-?????? ?????? , ???????? ?? ??????: ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???, ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????.

???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????

????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??????? ???, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???, ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???. ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???, ?? ????? ???? ?????, ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????. [4]

?? ????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? [5] (1080?1151), ?? ???? ?? ??? ?-1122 ??? ????, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ????? 1108?1137:

Feeling the force of numerous complaints like these, the king set a day for taking counsel about them. We met at Melun where many archbishops, bishops, clerics, and monks flocked together, for Hugh had been more rapacious than a wolf in devouring their lands. They cried out and threw themselves down at the feet of the king, against his will. They begged him to keep that greedy robber Hugh in check and snatch away from the jaw of the dragon their prebends, which the generosity of previous kings had granted the servants of God in the Beauce, a land fertile in grain. They prayed that he spare no effort in setting free the lands of the priests which, in a like way, were the only ones freed from the burdens imposed by Pharaoh. They pleaded that the king, as the representative of God, render free the part that belonged to God, whose image he maintained and kept alive in his own person. [6] [???? ?????]

???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????; ?????, ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???. ????, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????.

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. [7] ?? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?'???? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???:

When the father heard it, he was sorry and angry, And swears his oath that wrongly it was ever thought, And said to his knights: "Lords, now hear me. Never in my life was I so sorry. Rage seizes my body, I am nearly mad. [8] [???? ?????]

???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ???????

?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? . ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????

????? ??????-??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ??????? ????, ????? ?? ???? (????? ????) ???? (?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????). ???? ????? ??? ???? Consilium et auxilium. ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? (????? ????, ????? ??? ??? ????). ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? . ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????, ????? '?????' ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????; ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????.

????? ??????: ?????' ????????????

??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ??????? (?? ?????' ???????: Homagium), ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????; ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? . ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ? ???????????? (Investitura) ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? (??? ????, ??? , ??? ), ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????.

?????????? ??????? (???????)

?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? (?????? ? ?????????? ?? ? ????????? ).

?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ?????? ?????????

??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??.

??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ?????????

????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????

?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????.

???????

????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??.

???????

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???

??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????.

??? ??

?????? ?????

  • Donald Crummey, "Abyssinian Feudalism", Past & Present 89, 1980, pp. 115-138

??????? ????????

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ??????????

????? ??????

  1. ^ ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? (?"? ???? ?????, ???? ??, ?????? ?? ??????: ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????)
  2. ^ ?????? ????? ?? ??? Feudalism and the Feudal Relationship (???????)
  3. ^ A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases, Christopher Coredon, 2004, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, ISBN  1-84384-023-5
  4. ^ Gerd Althoff, "Ira Regis: Prolegomena to a History of Royal Anger", in Barbara H. Rosenwein (ed.), Anger's past, (Ithaca and London, 1998), p. 74
  5. ^ Stephen D. White, "The Politics of Anger", in Barbara 147 -H. Rosenwein (ed.), Anger's past, (Ithaca and London, 1998), p. 144
  6. ^ Richard Cusimano and John Moorhead, trans., The Deeds of Louis the Fat of Suger (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1992), p. 86
  7. ^ ??? ???, "??? ????? ????: ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????", ????? 87 (2004), ?????? 26?32
  8. ^ Francisque Michel, trans., Chronicle of THE War Between the English and the Scots in 1178 and 1174, by Jordan Fantosme, (London: J.B.Nichols and Son)
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