?????

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	??-?'???? , ??-???? , ????? ????? , ??????? ????? , ??? ????? , ?????? , ???? ??? ?? ???? , ????? ??????
	??-?'???? , ??-???? , ????? ????? , ??????? ????? , ??? ????? , ?????? , ???? ??? ?? ???? , ????? ??????
?????????
	420 ??????
?????? ????????? ???????
	?????? ??? ; ??? ??????? ?????? ; ??? ??: ????? ?????
????
	?????
??
	????? ; ????? ; ??? ???????
?????? ?????? ??????
	???? ????? ; ?????? , ?????? , ???????? ? ??????

????? "????" ???? ????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ???? (??) .

????? (?? ??? ????? ) ?? ????? ????? ^[1] ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????? , ???? ?????? , ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? (???? ?????? ). ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? " ????? ??? ". ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? , ??????, ?????? , ????????? ? ????? . ?????? ??-?????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ??? ?? .

?????, ????? "????" ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? . ^[2] ????? ?-7 ??-8, ?? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ?'????? . ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? , ????? , ????? , ????? , ????? ? ??? ????? . ^[3]^[4] ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? ; ?????? ??? ????? , ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? 1945 ????? ????? ?????? , ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ????? ??? ???? 22 ?????. ????? ?-50 ??-60 ?? ???? ?-20 ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ???-?????? , ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ???.

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????, ????????, ?????????, ???????, ????????? ?????????. ^[5] ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???, ?????, ??????, ????, ??????, ????, ????, ????, ????? ? ????????? , ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? . ^[6]

??? ?-93% ??????? ?? ???????, ^[7] ?? ?????? ?? 20% ??????????? ???????? ???????. ^[8] ???? ????? , ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? , ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? , ?????? ??????? ??????? , ??????? ? ?????????? ???????. ^[9] ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ? ?????? , ? ????? , ? ??????? ??????. ^[10]

??????????

????? "????" ??????? ?? ?????? ???"? ???? ?????. ??, ????, ??? ????? ????? ?? " ?????? ????????? " ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? . ^[11] ??? ? ??? ????? ?????? "??????? ???????" ^[12] ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????. ^[13] ????? "????" ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? .

????? ????? ???? ????? ?.?.? ???? ???????? ??: ????, ????? (???), ???? (????), ?????, ???, ???? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???. ^[^{???? ????
]} ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?.?.? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ^[^{???? ????
]}

? ????? ????? "????" ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????, ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?"???? ?????" ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???.

??????

??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????????, ??:

??????? : ??? ??? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? (?? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ?????) ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ?-300 ?????? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? , ???? ?'????? , ?????? ? ?????? , ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???. ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? (????, ? ????? ????? , ????? ???????? ?????? ).
??????: ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? , ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ?-200 ?????? ??? ???, ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.
????? - ???????? - ????? : ??? ??? ??? ????????, ?? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????????.
???????: ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? (??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????), ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.

????????

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

???? ??????

?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? 853 ????"? ( ???????? ????? ), ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? " ????????? ??? ???-???" ??? ??????? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? . ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??????.

???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???. ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????.

? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? , ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? .

???? ??????

???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???-???, ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? - ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ???? ?? ????? , ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ?????? (????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ).

?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????: "????? ??????", ?? ? ?'?????? . ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? , ^[14] ???? ?? ?? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???"??. ^[15] ? ??? ??? ??? , ??? ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? . ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? (???: ????? ?????? ).

???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? , ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ("?????" ????????) ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?"?? ????" ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.

?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? , ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?'???? , ????? ?? ? ???????? , ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? , ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????.

???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????: ? ???? , ????? ?????? ????? . ???? ??? ?????? ?????????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?"?????" ?? ??, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??-???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???' ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????-?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? , ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? .

??? ??

?????? ?????

????? ????? , ?????? ????????? , ?? ????: ????? ???? , 1995.
????? ?????? , ???????? ?? ????? ??????? , ?? ????: ????? ????, 1996.
???? ?????-???? (????), ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ????: ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? , ?? ????: ????? ?????? ??????? , 1993, ??' 7?10.

??????? ????????

???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??????????

????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ??????

^
Rogan, Eugene (2011). The Arabs : a history (1st pbk. ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465025046 .
F., Eickelman, Dale ( ??????? 2013 ). "Arabs (anthropology)" . Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three (???????). {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )
Shoup, John A. ( 31 ???????? 2011 ). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia (???????). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598843620 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
Shoup, John A. ( 31 ???????? 2011 ). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia . ISBN 9781598843620 . ???? ?- 26 ???? 2014 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
Barakat, Halim (1993). The Arab world society, culture, and state . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520914422 .
Reynolds, Dwight F. ( 2 ?????? 2015 ). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture (???????). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521898072 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
^
* "Arab" . Encyclopædia Britannica (???????). 2019 [1998].
- Grant, Christina Phelps (2003). The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration . Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-19271-5 .
- "The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia" . Boundless (???????). 2 ???????? 2016 . ????? ?- ????? ?- 21 ?????? 2016 . ???? ?- 12 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
- "?Arab i. Arabs and Iran (pre-Islamic) ? Encyclopaedia Iranica" . Iranicaonline.org (???????) . ???? ?- 7 ??????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^
* Hourani, Albert (2010). A history of the Arab peoples (1st Harvard Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05819-4 .
- "HISTORY OF MIGRATION" . Historyworld.net . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
- Power, Bethany G. " The Emergence and Expansion of Islam to 1500 ." Education 613: MTEL Guide . University of Massachusetts . Archived from the original on 3 September 2016.
- "History of the Arabs (book)" . Historyworld.net . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Bernard Ellis Lewis; Buntzie Ellis Churchill (2008). Islam: The Religion and the People . Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 137. ISBN 9780132716062 . ???? ?- 21 ??????? 2017 . At the time of the Prophet's birth and mission, the Arabic language was more or less confined to Arabia, a land of deserts, sprinkled with oases. Surrounding it on land on every side were the two rival empires of Persia and Byzantium. The countries of what now make up the Arab world were divided between the two of them?Iraq under Persian rule, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa part of the Byzantine Empire. They spoke a variety of different languages and were for the most part Christians, with some Jewish minorities. Their Arabization and Islamization took place with the vast expansion of Islam in the decades and centuries following the death of the Prophet in 632 CE. The Aramaic language, once dominant in the Fertile Crescent, survives in only a few remote villages and in the rituals of the Eastern churches. Coptic, the language of Christian Egypt before the Arab conquest, has been entirely replaced by Arabic except in the church liturgy. Some earlier languages have survived, notably Kurdish in Southwest Asia and Berber in North Africa, but Arabic, in one form or another, has in effect become the language of everyday speech as well as of government, commerce and culture in what has come to be known as "the Arab world." {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
^
* "Who is an Arab?" . al-bab.com .
- Francis M. Deng ( 1 ???????? 2011 ). War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan . Brookings Institution Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-8157-2369-1 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
^
* "Culture and Tradition in the Arab Countries" . Habiba.org . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
- "Arabic Culture & Traditions" . Pimsleur Approach . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) (?????? ???? ????)
- El-Shamy, Hasan M. (1995). Folk traditions of the Arab world: A guide to motif classification . Vol. 2. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35222-4 .
^ "Arabs facts, information, pictures" . Encyclopedia.com articles about Arabs . 21 ?????? 2018 . ???? ?- 9 ???? 2018 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ "Demographics of Islam" . ????? ?- ????? ?- 9 ???????? 2020 . ???? ?- 28 ??????? 2020 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^
* Phares, Walid (2001). "Arab Christians: An Introduction" . Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry.
- "Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative" . Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs .
^ ????? ????, ?? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? , ???? ynet , 8 ?????? 2008
^ ??? ????? , ??? ?' , ???? ?"?
^ ??? ????? ?' , ??? ?' , ???? ?"? .
^ ??????? ???? , ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? , ??????????? ?????? , ??? ?, ??' 427.
^ Qa???n - Arabian Legendary Figure , Encyclopedia Britannica, ‏???? ?- 24 ??????? 2019
^ De Lacy O'Leary, Arabia Before Muhammad , ‏1927

[1] 
Rogan, Eugene (2011). The Arabs : a history (1st pbk. ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465025046 .
F., Eickelman, Dale ( ??????? 2013 ). "Arabs (anthropology)" . Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three (???????). {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )
Shoup, John A. ( 31 ???????? 2011 ). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia (???????). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598843620 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
Shoup, John A. ( 31 ???????? 2011 ). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia . ISBN 9781598843620 . ???? ?- 26 ???? 2014 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
Barakat, Halim (1993). The Arab world society, culture, and state . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520914422 .
Reynolds, Dwight F. ( 2 ?????? 2015 ). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture (???????). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521898072 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )

[2] * "Arab" . Encyclopædia Britannica (???????). 2019 [1998].
Grant, Christina Phelps (2003). The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration . Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-19271-5 .

"The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia" . Boundless (???????). 2 ???????? 2016 . ????? ?- ????? ?- 21 ?????? 2016 . ???? ?- 12 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

"?Arab i. Arabs and Iran (pre-Islamic) ? Encyclopaedia Iranica" . Iranicaonline.org (???????) . ???? ?- 7 ??????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[3] Grant, Christina Phelps (2003). The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration . Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-19271-5 .

[4] "The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia" . Boundless (???????). 2 ???????? 2016 . ????? ?- ????? ?- 21 ?????? 2016 . ???? ?- 12 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[5] "?Arab i. Arabs and Iran (pre-Islamic) ? Encyclopaedia Iranica" . Iranicaonline.org (???????) . ???? ?- 7 ??????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[3] * Hourani, Albert (2010). A history of the Arab peoples (1st Harvard Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05819-4 .
"HISTORY OF MIGRATION" . Historyworld.net . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

Power, Bethany G. " The Emergence and Expansion of Islam to 1500 ." Education 613: MTEL Guide . University of Massachusetts . Archived from the original on 3 September 2016.

"History of the Arabs (book)" . Historyworld.net . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[7] "HISTORY OF MIGRATION" . Historyworld.net . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[8] Power, Bethany G. " The Emergence and Expansion of Islam to 1500 ." Education 613: MTEL Guide . University of Massachusetts . Archived from the original on 3 September 2016.

[9] "History of the Arabs (book)" . Historyworld.net . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[4] Bernard Ellis Lewis; Buntzie Ellis Churchill (2008). Islam: The Religion and the People . Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 137. ISBN 9780132716062 . ???? ?- 21 ??????? 2017 . At the time of the Prophet's birth and mission, the Arabic language was more or less confined to Arabia, a land of deserts, sprinkled with oases. Surrounding it on land on every side were the two rival empires of Persia and Byzantium. The countries of what now make up the Arab world were divided between the two of them?Iraq under Persian rule, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa part of the Byzantine Empire. They spoke a variety of different languages and were for the most part Christians, with some Jewish minorities. Their Arabization and Islamization took place with the vast expansion of Islam in the decades and centuries following the death of the Prophet in 632 CE. The Aramaic language, once dominant in the Fertile Crescent, survives in only a few remote villages and in the rituals of the Eastern churches. Coptic, the language of Christian Egypt before the Arab conquest, has been entirely replaced by Arabic except in the church liturgy. Some earlier languages have survived, notably Kurdish in Southwest Asia and Berber in North Africa, but Arabic, in one form or another, has in effect become the language of everyday speech as well as of government, commerce and culture in what has come to be known as "the Arab world." {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )

[5] * "Who is an Arab?" . al-bab.com .
Francis M. Deng ( 1 ???????? 2011 ). War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan . Brookings Institution Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-8157-2369-1 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )

[12] Francis M. Deng ( 1 ???????? 2011 ). War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan . Brookings Institution Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-8157-2369-1 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )

[6] * "Culture and Tradition in the Arab Countries" . Habiba.org . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
"Arabic Culture & Traditions" . Pimsleur Approach . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) (?????? ???? ????)

El-Shamy, Hasan M. (1995). Folk traditions of the Arab world: A guide to motif classification . Vol. 2. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35222-4 .

[14] "Arabic Culture & Traditions" . Pimsleur Approach . ???? ?- 18 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) (?????? ???? ????)

[15] El-Shamy, Hasan M. (1995). Folk traditions of the Arab world: A guide to motif classification . Vol. 2. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35222-4 .

[7] "Arabs facts, information, pictures" . Encyclopedia.com articles about Arabs . 21 ?????? 2018 . ???? ?- 9 ???? 2018 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[8] "Demographics of Islam" . ????? ?- ????? ?- 9 ???????? 2020 . ???? ?- 28 ??????? 2020 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[PharesIntro-9] * Phares, Walid (2001). "Arab Christians: An Introduction" . Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry.
"Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative" . Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs .

[19] "Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative" . Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs .

[10] ????? ????, ?? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? , ???? ynet , 8 ?????? 2008

[11] ??? ????? , ??? ?' , ???? ?"?

[12] ??? ????? ?' , ??? ?' , ???? ?"? .

[13] ??????? ???? , ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? , ??????????? ?????? , ??? ?, ??' 427.

[14] Qa???n - Arabian Legendary Figure , Encyclopedia Britannica, ‏???? ?- 24 ??????? 2019

[15] De Lacy O'Leary, Arabia Before Muhammad , ‏1927

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]