? ????? ???-??????? , ??????? (? ?????? : ??????? ) ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.

???? ???????? ???????? ??:

• ??????? ???????: ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???, ???, ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????.
• ??????? ???-???????: ????? ??? ??????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? . ??? ? ????? ??? ????? , ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? , ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??21 [1] . ?????? ?? ??? ??20 ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???"? , ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???.

???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 11 ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????, ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ????? "????? ?????? ???? " ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ?? ???, ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? [1] .

?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ????? "????" ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? [1] .

????? ????? ????????? ???? 2022 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ??6,000 ??????? ???? ???? 2023 [1] .

????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??:

• ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????-?????. ????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 1990 ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????-????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????.
• ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ????, ???? ??????? ??'??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? .
• ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???"?. ????, ???? 1965 ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? , ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???"?. ?????? ???? ???"? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???.

?????? ?????? ?? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????. ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ^[1] .

?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??????, ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ??, ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ^[1] .

?????? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? , ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ???, ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??21 ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??, ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? "???? ?????? ????", ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? (???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????), ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? INSTEX , ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????, ? ?????? , ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ? ???? ???????? , ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? 2021 ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????. ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ^[1] .

??? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????, ?????, ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??21 ? ???? ???? ??? ????. ???? ???? 2023 "?????? ?????" ? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? 55 ??????? ????. ??? ??????, ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??2 ???????. ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? (????? ?? ? ???? ), ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? , ???? ????? , ????? ???? ??? , ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? . ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? , ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????. ??? ???, ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ^[1] .

?? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????. ?? ??????, ?? ?? ???????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???????? , ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? , ?????? ???? ??????? ????????, ????. ???????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ???? 2023, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ^[1] .

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? " ?????? ", ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? 2023 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???, ?????, ??????? , ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ^[1] .

??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????, ?????, ????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ^[1] .

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ??????? ??? ?????
• ???????? ??? ????? (1990)
• ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? (2006?2007)
• ??????? ???-??????? ?????? ?????????-????

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? , ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? - ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 20 ??????? 2017
• ??? ?????, ? ?????, ?????, ???? ??????, ??????. ???"? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??? ?? ????? , ???? ????? , 15 ??????? 2018
• Elizabeth S. Rogers, Using Economic Sanctions to Prevent Deadly Conflict , ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ? ?????????? ??????? , 1996
• ??????? (???? ????????) , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]