????? ??? ??'?????

????? ??? ??'?????
Sandra Day O'Connor
????	26 ???? 1930 ; ?? ???? , ???? , ????? ?????
?????	1 ?????? 2023 (???? 93) ; ?????? , ??????? , ????? ?????
?????	????? ?????
?????	?????????? ??????? ( 1950 ) ; ?????????? ??????? ; ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ; ????? ?????? ;
?????	?????? ???????????
?? ?? ?? ???	John Jay O'Connor ( 20 ?????? 1952 ? 11 ??????? 2009 )
	25 ??????? 1981 ? 31 ?????? 2006 ; (24 ????)
??? ????? ??? ????? ??????	???? ???? ; ?????? ???????? ; ?'?? ??????
???? ????	????? ?????
	→ ???? ??????? ????? ????? ←
	1969 ? 1975 ; (??6 ????)
	1969 ? 1975 ; (??6 ????)
????? ??????
	Women of the Year ( 2023 ) ; Margaret Brent Award ( 2000 ) ; ?????? ?????? ????????? ( 2009 ) ; ??? ?????? ?????? ( 1985 ) ; ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ( 1995 ) ; ?????? ??????? ; ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ; ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ; 48 Arizona Women ; ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ; ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ;
?????

????? ??? ??'????? (? ?????? : Sandra Day O'Connor ; ‏ 26 ???? 1930 ? 1 ?????? 2023 ) ????? ??????? ???????? , ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? 1981 ? 2006 . ??'????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? , ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?? ??'?????, ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ????, ????? ????, ???????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????? , ????? ? ???? ?????? ????. ??'????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? , ?????? ???????? ? ?'?? ?????? (?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????).

???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????? , ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? . ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ^[1]. ????? 2005 ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?- 2006 ?? ??? ????? ????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????'? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) . ??????? 2009 ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????? ? ?? ???? , ???? , ?-26 ???? 1930 . ?????, ???? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ?????. ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.

????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ???????? ???????? ??? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? . ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ??????? ???? ?? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????.

???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????? . ?? ???, ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????: ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?- 1946 , ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???????????.

????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???, ????? ???? 1950 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? 1952 . ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? (Stanford Law Review), ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 102 ???????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??, ?????? ???????? ( 1924 ? 2005 ), ????? ????? ?????? ??????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???'?? , ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ????????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ???? , ?????????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ^[2]. ????? ????? ??, ??? ?? ????? ??'?? ??'?????, ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? , ?? ???? ?'?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? . ???? ??? ???? ????? ??'????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??????? ??????.

?? ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???? ??'????? ????? ?????? , ???????. ??'????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ; ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ??? 1957 ?- 1962 . ??'????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? .

???? 1965 , ???? ??'????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?- 1969 ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?'? ??????? ( 1909 ? 1998 ) ????? ?? ??'????? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??'???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?- 1970 , ??'????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?- 1972 . ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?-1972, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??.

?- 1974 , ??'????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ?- 1979 ???? ???? ???? ????? , ???? ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??'????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????.

????? ??? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?-1980 , ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ( 1911 ? 2004 ) ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????. ??? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ????? 1981 , ?????, ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? , ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??'????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? . ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? 0?99 ???, ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???. ??, ????? ??? ??'????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? 191 ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 24 ????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? 32 ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????.

????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???, ??'????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?-2004, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????: ”?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??'????? ????; ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???.” ^[3]

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????: ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? . ??'????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? , ?? ??, ????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ????. ????, ??'????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? 2000 ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?'???' ??? ?? ?? ??? , ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? (????? ?????? ?? ????? ?'?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????). ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??'????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ^[4].

????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????? . ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??'????? ?- 2004 ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? "????? ??? ???? ????" ?? ??? ????? ????? (?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ). ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??, ???? ??'????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? (???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????). ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???, ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????.

??'???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? . ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? , ???? ??'?????, ???? ??????. ?? ?????? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ^[5]. ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? "??? ???? ?? ???? ???", ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???'????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? - ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????, ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? 1 ????? ????? ????? . ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?' ???? ( United States v. Lopez ) ?- 1995 ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???, ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????, ???'????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ^[6]. ????? ???? ?????? ??'????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?? "?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????".

???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??'????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ( Printz v. United States, 1997 ) ^[7]. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????????, ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??'????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?"???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????".

????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? - ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? - ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??-?????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? 5 ? ????? ?????? ??? , ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ( Tennessee v. Lane, 2004 ) ^[8].

??'????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?' ???, ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?' ??? ?????? ????' ( Kelo v. City of New London, 2005 ), ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ^[9]. ??'????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. " ????? ???????? ", ?????, "?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???."

?- 2005 , ??? ??? ??????? ?' ????' ( Gonzales v. Raich ) ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ^[10]. ???????? ?? ??'????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? . ??? ?????? ?? ????, ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? , ????, ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????: ”??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????, ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?"????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????; ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????"... ???? ??? ?????... ??? ?? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ?????... [??] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????-??????... ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? - ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? - ????? ?????? ??????? [?? ?????? ??????]. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? [???????].” ^[11]

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 1988 ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? . ?-2005 ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????? . ??'????? ???? ?-31 ?????? 2006. ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ?'?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?'???' ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???, ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ^[12]. ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??'????? ??? ??????. ????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???'????? ^[13]. ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??'?????, ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????.

?- 2004 ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? , ????? - ??????? ???????. ??'????? ????? ? ?????? 2009 ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ^[14]^[15].

???????? 2018 ?????? ??'????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? .

????? ?- 1 ?????? 2023 .

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Nancy Maveety, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor: Strategist on the Supreme Court , Rowman & Littlefield, 1996 (???? ?????? ULI)
Robert W. Van Sickel, Not a Particularly Different Voice: the Jurisprudence of Sandra Day O'Connor , Peter Lang Publishing, 1998 (???? ?????? ULI)
Sandra Day O'Connor, The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice , Random House , 2003 (???? ?????? ULI)
Ann Carey McFeatters, Sandra Day O'Connor: Justice in the Balance , University of New Mexico Press, 2005 (???? ?????? ULI)
Joan Biskupic, Sandra Day O'Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became its Most Influential Justice , ECCO, 2005 (???? ?????? ULI)
Nichola D. Gutgold, The Rhetoric of Supreme Court Women: from Obstacles to Options , Lexington Books, 2012 (???? ?????? ULI)
Sandra Day O'Connor, Out of Order: Stories from the History of the Supreme Court , Random House, 2013 (???? ?????? ULI)
Linda Hirshman, Sisters in Law: How Sandra Day O'Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsburg went to the Supreme Court and Changed the World , HarperCollins , 2015 (???? ?????? ULI)
Evan Thomas, First: Sandra Day O'Connor , Random House, 2019 (???? ?????? ULI)

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??'????? ? ??????????

?????, ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????: ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? , ???? ???? , 2 ?????? 2023
????? ??? ??'????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
????? ??? ??'????? , ???? ??????? ?????????? IMDb (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ The World's 100 Most Powerful Women - Forbes.com , web.archive.org, ‏2009-03-15
^ " 'Out Of Order' At The Court: O'Connor On Being The First Female Justice" . NPR.org (???????) . ???? ?- 2022-04-16 .
^ Biography , Sandra Day O'Connor Institute (??)
^ Conde Nast, Behind the aftermath of the 2000 U.S. election , Vanity Fair, ‏2014-03-19 (??????? ????????)
^ Geoffrey McGovern, Lynch v. Donnelly , www.mtsu.edu (???????)
^ United States v. Lopez | | Britannica , www.britannica.com (???????)
^ Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997) , Justia Law (???????)
^ SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, Syllabus, TENNESSEE v. LANE ET AL., CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR, THE SIXTH CIRCUIT, No. 02?1667. Argued January 13, 2004?Decided May 17, 2004
^ Kelo v. City of New London | Case Brief for Law School | LexisNexis , Community (???????)
^ GONZALES V. RAICH (03-1454) 545 U.S. 1 (2005)
^ CQ Supreme Court Collection , library.cqpress.com
^ Marc Sandalow, THE SUPREME COURT IN TRANSITION: The death of William Rehnquist / Chief justice's passing provides Bush with major opportunity , SFGATE, ‏2005-09-05 (??????? ????????)
^ [ http://edition.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/10/31/scotus.bush/index.html CNN.com - Bush?nominates Alito to Supreme Court - Oct 31, 2005], edition.cnn.com
^ ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 30 ????? 2009
^ Obama Gives Medal of Freedom to 16 Luminaries , ???? ???? ????? , 12 ??????? 2009

[1] The World's 100 Most Powerful Women - Forbes.com , web.archive.org, ‏2009-03-15

[2] " 'Out Of Order' At The Court: O'Connor On Being The First Female Justice" . NPR.org (???????) . ???? ?- 2022-04-16 .

[3] Biography , Sandra Day O'Connor Institute (??)

[4] Conde Nast, Behind the aftermath of the 2000 U.S. election , Vanity Fair, ‏2014-03-19 (??????? ????????)

[5] Geoffrey McGovern, Lynch v. Donnelly , www.mtsu.edu (???????)

[6] United States v. Lopez | | Britannica , www.britannica.com (???????)

[7] Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997) , Justia Law (???????)

[8] SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, Syllabus, TENNESSEE v. LANE ET AL., CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR, THE SIXTH CIRCUIT, No. 02?1667. Argued January 13, 2004?Decided May 17, 2004

[9] Kelo v. City of New London | Case Brief for Law School | LexisNexis , Community (???????)

[10] GONZALES V. RAICH (03-1454) 545 U.S. 1 (2005)

[11] CQ Supreme Court Collection , library.cqpress.com

[12] Marc Sandalow, THE SUPREME COURT IN TRANSITION: The death of William Rehnquist / Chief justice's passing provides Bush with major opportunity , SFGATE, ‏2005-09-05 (??????? ????????)

[13] [ http://edition.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/10/31/scotus.bush/index.html CNN.com - Bush?nominates Alito to Supreme Court - Oct 31, 2005], edition.cnn.com

[14] ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 30 ????? 2009

[15] Obama Gives Medal of Freedom to 16 Luminaries , ???? ???? ????? , 12 ??????? 2009

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