??????

?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? , ?????? ????? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ????? . ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? , ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ????? ? ???????? ????? (??????, ??????? ????? ). ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????, ????? ? ??? , ????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? , ????? ??????? ? ?? ????.

?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?-9 , ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? (??? ? ???? ?? ?????? ) ? ???? ?????? . ?????, ????? ???????? ?? ??? ? ?????? , ?????? ????? ?????? , ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?-19 . ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? 10 ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-7 ???????.

??? ? ???? ??60 ?? ???? ??20 ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? , ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? , ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.

?????? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? - ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?-°C‏700?950, ^[1] ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ? ???? ??-????? ? ??? . ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ????????? ?? ?-600 °C ??????? ???? (????? ???? ?? ?-2% ???? ??????? ?-21% ??????) ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?-5,000 ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ?-350 °C ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? . ?????? ???? ????? ??? 10 ⁹ ?? 10 ¹⁰ ??????? (?????) ????????? ????? ^[2].

?? ?????? ???????? "?????" (?????, ????? ?????) ?? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????.

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???

??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? . ????? ??????-?????? ????? ????, ? ??????? , ???? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? , ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? .

???? ????? ???????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ???.

? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? (???? ????? , ? ??????? ). ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ??? , ?????? , ???? ? ?????? ??. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?-2?3 ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? 5 ???? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ? ?????? ^[3].

?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ( ?????? , ??????? ??????). ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????.

????? ???????? ?? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???: ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? - ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? . ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????. 87% ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???? ? ?? , ? ???? ?? ???? ^[4]^[5]^[6], ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? . ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? . ???? ???????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????????? ???, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? - ???? ????? ???? 2008 , ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ????. ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ( ?????? ??????? ).

?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? , ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????

???? ???? 2002 , ???? ?-5,500 ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?-1.1 ??????? ?????. ????? ????????, ???? ?? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ^[7].

???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??????:

???? ??????? (2000)
????	?????	????
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??????	35	22
????? ??????	35	4
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???? ????	44	4
???????	60	8

?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????, ????? ???? 2007 , ???? ?? ?-23% ???????????. ?????? ??? ??????, 29% ??????? ??????, ????? 18% ?????? ^[8].

????? ???????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? 2001 ????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? , ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? 2001 ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????.

???? 2004 ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 70% (??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ). ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? , ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 2009 ?? 4.1 ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 1.75 ??????? ????? ^[9].

? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? 146% ???? 1991 ????? ???? ?? ?-50% ????? ?? ???? (????? ??? 10 ??????? ??????? ??????) ???? ??????? ????? ??? ? ????? ????? . ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? (???? ??? ??????? ?????).

? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????, ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????.

???? ???? ?????? , ?????? , ???????? , ??? ???? , ???????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????.

???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? 1983 , ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? 1994 , ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? 2008, ??? ????? ??????? ?? ? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????.

???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????, ??????, ?????, ????????, ?????? ??????? , ?????????, ????, ??? ???, ?????? ?????, ??? ?????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ??????. ?? ???, ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? 25% ???? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????.

????? ??????? 2018 ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ?-8 ? ????? 2020 . ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ? pantone 448c ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?-1000 ?????? ??? ????? ? ???????? . ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? 65% ???? ?????? ???? ??????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?-600 ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ^[10]. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, 350 ??? ?????? , ?????? 70 ?????? ???????? ^[11]^[12].

??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? . ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ^[13]^[14]. ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ^[15] (??? ???? 9:47) .

??????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? , ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?"???? ???". ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??. ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?? "???? ????? ??? ???".

?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ?"??? ????? ??? ???". ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? "???? ??? ???" ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????. ^[16]

??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????, ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??. ^[17]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? , ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? , ????? " ???? ???? " ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? , 6 ?????? 2014
???? ????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? , ????? " ????? ??????? ?????? ", ???? ?????? ???????? (?????, ???? " nana10 ‏")
???? ???? ????: ?? ??????? ???????? ???? , ???? ynet , 4 ??????? 2012
http://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=5636 ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????. - ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????
ynet , ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? , ???? ynet , 17 ?????? 2001
????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?-2004
???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? - ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
?"? ??? ?????, ? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? , ???? " ????? ", 14 ?????? 2014
?????? ?????: ??????? - ?? ????? ???? , ???? ynet , 5 ????? 2011
???? '??????' ?????? ??????? ? ??? , ????? ???? ????? 1951 (????? 3:56)
??? ????, ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? , ? ???? "???????" ?? ??????? ??????? , ??? 2019
?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
??????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ R. R. BAKER, Temperature distribution inside a burning cigarette , Nature 247, 1974-02, ??' 405?406 doi : 10.1038/247405a0
^ :Richard R. Baker; Smoke generation inside a burning cigarette; Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 373?385
^ ?"? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 0:36:00 [1]
^ Kuper H, Boffetta P, Adami HO. Tobacco use and cancer causation: association by tumour type. J Intern Med. 2002 Sep;252(3):206-24. PMID 12270001
^ American Legacy Foundation factsheet on lung cancer ; ?????? ??: CDC (Centers for Disease Control) The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2004.
^ Lipworth L, Tarone RE, McLaughlin JK. The epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2006 Dec;176(6 Pt 1):2353-8. PMID 17085101
^ ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? en:Cigarette
^ ?"? ???? ??, ???: ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? , ???? ynet , 7 ??????? 2007
^ ???? ?????, ????? ??????: '?? ????? 5 ???? ??? ???????' , ???? ynet , 29 ???? 2011
^ ????? 599 ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????
^ https://www.cancer.org.il/template/default.aspx?PageId=6522
^ https://www.israelrsa.org.il/????-???????/
^ https://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactivity-tobacco
^ https://www.cancer.org.il/template/default.aspx?PageId=6662
^ The Most Radioactive Places on Earth , ????? ???? ?????? (????: 11:17)
^ ??? ?????? ?"?, ?"?. ????? ??????? ?"?, 1
^ https://ph.yhb.org.il/12-05-09/ ????? ?????? ???? ???

[1] R. R. BAKER, Temperature distribution inside a burning cigarette , Nature 247, 1974-02, ??' 405?406 doi : 10.1038/247405a0

[2] :Richard R. Baker; Smoke generation inside a burning cigarette; Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 373?385

[youtube-3] ?"? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 0:36:00 [1]

[4] Kuper H, Boffetta P, Adami HO. Tobacco use and cancer causation: association by tumour type. J Intern Med. 2002 Sep;252(3):206-24. PMID 12270001

[5] American Legacy Foundation factsheet on lung cancer ; ?????? ??: CDC (Centers for Disease Control) The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2004.

[6] Lipworth L, Tarone RE, McLaughlin JK. The epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2006 Dec;176(6 Pt 1):2353-8. PMID 17085101

[7] ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? en:Cigarette

[8] ?"? ???? ??, ???: ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? , ???? ynet , 7 ??????? 2007

[9] ???? ?????, ????? ??????: '?? ????? 5 ???? ??? ???????' , ???? ynet , 29 ???? 2011

[10] ????? 599 ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????

[11] ttps://www.cancer.org.il/template/default.aspx?PageId=6522

[12] ttps://www.israelrsa.org.il/????-???????/

[13] ttps://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactivity-tobacco

[14] ttps://www.cancer.org.il/template/default.aspx?PageId=6662

[15] The Most Radioactive Places on Earth , ????? ???? ?????? (????: 11:17)

[16] ??? ?????? ?"?, ?"?. ????? ??????? ?"?, 1

[17] ttps://ph.yhb.org.il/12-05-09/ ????? ?????? ???? ???

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