????

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פירוש נוסף ??? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? , ??? ?????? . ??????? ????, ??? ???? (?????????) .
?????? ????

???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ( ??-???? ? ??-???? ), ??? ??? ????? ?? ???-???? ?????? . ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????????.

??? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? , ?? ?????? ???? , ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? , ????? ????? ??????? ??????.

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? , ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? , [1] ?????? ????, ????? ? ??? ??? ?? .

????? ??? ????? ?? ???? (???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ) ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????.

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? "????" ??? ???? ???? ?"????" ????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ‏(Sarkara) ? ??????? ??????? "????". ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?"????" (???) ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????. [2]

???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ? ??? ???? , ??? ???? , ???? ???

??? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ???? ??????

??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? , ? ??????? , ??????? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? , ? ??? ???? ??????? , ? ???? , ? ????? , ? ?'????? , ? ????? ?? ???????? .

?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????, ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ?????? ?? ? ??? . ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????.

?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? . ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? , ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? . ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????, ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ??, ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????.

????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? , ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? : ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ????-?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ?????. ???? ??? , ???? ???? ????? ???? , ??????? ?????, ?? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.

??? ????

??? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????.

???? ?????, ????? ?? ???-????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????. ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ? ???? ??-????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????.

??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????.

???? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? , ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? . ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????. [3]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?-8 ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? . ?-2000 ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-2 ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?-4 ????"?. ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?-5 ??????, ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?-7, ? ???? ?????? , ????? ???? ?????????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?-10. [4]

??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?-11 ??-12 ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?-11 . [5] ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????: [6]

"????? ???? ( ???? ) ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????, ??? ?? ?????? '?????' (Zucra); ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????, ????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ?????? [?????? ??????], ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ??????, ????? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?? ??-???, ??-??? ?????"

?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????: ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???. ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. [7] ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? , ? ???? , ? ????? ?? ??????? . ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??????, ? ???? ???? ???????. [8]

?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?-13 , ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. [????? ?????] ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ???? ?-14 , ?- 15 ??- 16 ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????. [9] ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????.

????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???
????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???

????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? (???? 30 ????? ??????) ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? 36.7N-35S, ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ???????? . ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?-21 ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?-12 ?????. [10] ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? , ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???. [11]

????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?-15 ??-16 ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? . ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? , ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? . ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ????. ???? ?-15, ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? , ?????? ? ????? ??????? . ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????? . [12] ???? ???????? (Gaspar Frutuoso), ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?-16 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? , ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????: [13]

"???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????"

??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-1493 ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???????. [14] ???? ????? (Peter Martyr), ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?-16, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?-1518 ??? ????????? : [15]

"?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???; ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? [?? ????], ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????, ? ?????? ??????, ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????, ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ??????????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????"

?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???, ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? , ?????? ???? , ?'????? ??????. ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????. [16]

???? ?-17 ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? (????? ????), ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????: ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????, ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? , ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????. [17]

????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?-18 ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???, ???, ??????? ??????, [18] ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????.

?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????. [19] ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?-1770 (??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????, ??????? ?-1770 ???? ??? ?-123.8 ??????? ?-2014): [20]

???? ??????? ???? ????-???????
???? 1,553,000 1,816,000 1,280,000
????? 8,000 275,000 202,000
??? 899,000 317,000 192,000
??? 109,000 957,000 614,000
??????? 10,000 289,000 289,000
????? 76,000 125,000 82,000
???? 14,000 40,000 18,000
??"? 2,669,000 3,819,000 2,677,000

???? ??????? ???? ???? ?-16, ??? ????? ???? ?-17 ????? ???? ????? ????? ???, ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. [21]

?????? ???? ?-19 ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ???????????? , ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?-21.

??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?-18 ??-19, ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. [22]

?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?-20, ???? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? "????" ???? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?-80 . ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?-21, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?-170 ?????? ????? ??? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ???? 2020. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? , ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 2015, ????????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????. [23]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? (???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ) ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? , ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? , ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????, ???????? ? ?????? . [1] ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????.

??? ????? 1970 ?-2005 ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 19% ????????? ?????? ???? ?-30 ????? ???? [????? ?????] ???? ?????? ???, ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. [24] ? ????? , ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?-56.6 ?"? ???? ???? 1991 ?-65.7 ?"? ???? 2005.

????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 2003 ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?-10% ???? ????? ? ??????? ????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 5?9 ????? ???? (100?180 ??"?) ????? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ?-4.5 ????? ????. [25]

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? , ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????.

????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ???? 2

????? ???? 2 ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? 2015 ??? 1.6 ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. [26]

?????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ??? ? ??? , ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? .

???? ???? 2010 ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?-26%. [27]

????? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ?????????????

????? ?? ?????? ?-31% ???? ???? ????? ????? [28] ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-19%. [29] ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???. [30]

????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????

????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. [31]

????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????. [32]

????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? , ?????? , ????? , ?????? , ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????. [33] ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? . ?? ? ????? ????? ??? ? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????. [34] [35]

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?-2019 ?-" British Medical Journal " ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ??????? ???? ?-5% ????) ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? . [36]

??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?"????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????". [37]

?????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? [38] ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. [39] ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????. [40] [41] [42] [43]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ????????

? ???-?????? ?? 15 ????? ????? ?? ???? ?-30 ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????-????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???????? . [44]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????: ???? ???? - ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ????? ??? . ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ????? , ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ????, ????? ???? . ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ???????, ?? ????? '???' ?? '?????' - ??? ??? ?????. [45]

???? ??? ???? ???? - ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??. ???? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ???????, ?? ????? '?????' - ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? '?????' ?? ???? ???, ???? ??????? ???? '????' ?? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. [46]

???? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? - ?? ??????? (? ???"? [47] ) ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ? ???"? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????. [48] ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? [49] ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ???, ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????????
ויקימילון ??? ?????? ???????????: ??????
ויקיציטוט ??????? ???????????: ????
ויקישיתוף ?????? ????? ???????????: ????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ 1 2 Emily E. Noble, Christine A. Olson, Elizabeth Davis, Linda Tsan, Yen-Wei Chen, Ruth Schade, Clarissa Liu, Andrea Suarez, Roshonda B. Jones, Claire de La Serre, Xia Yang, Elaine Y. Hsiao & Scott E. Kanoski, Gut microbial taxa elevated by dietary sugar disrupt memory function , Translational Psychiatry, ‏31 March 2021
  2. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries, History of Science and Technology in Islam
  3. ^ ??? ???, ????? ????: ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? , ???? ynet , 4 ?????? 2005
  4. ^ ??? ???, '???? ?????? ???????: ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????', (?? ????:2003), ??' 3-4.
  5. ^ J. H. Galloway, 'The Mediterranean Sugar Industry', Geographical Review,Vol. 67, No. 2 (Apr., 1977), p. 180.
  6. ^ Albert of Aachen, 'Historia Ierosolimitana', Susan B. Edingtom (ed.), (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007), p.387-388.
  7. ^ ???, '???? ?????? ???????: ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????', ??' 61-84.
  8. ^ Sidney W.Mintz, 'Sweetness and Power', (New York:1987), p. 79-80.
  9. ^ Galloway, 'The Mediterranean Sugar Industry', p. 181.
  10. ^ J. H. Galloway, 'The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914', (Cambridge:1991), p.14.
  11. ^ Galloway, 'The Mediterranean Sugar Industry', p. 177.
  12. ^ Mintz, 'Sweetness and Power',p. 30.
  13. ^ Alberto Vieiria, 'The Sugar Economy of Madeira and the Canaries', 1450-1650, in Stuart B. Schwartz (ed.), Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1450-1680, (Northen Carolina:2004), p. 47.
  14. ^ Mintz, 'Sweetness and Power', p. 32
  15. ^ Noel Deer, The History of Sugar, (London:1949), p. 122.
  16. ^ Mintz, 'Sweetness and Power', p. 35-36.
  17. ^ Ibid, p. 43.
  18. ^ Frank Moya Pons, 'History of the Caribbean : plantations, trade, and war in the Atlantic world', (Princeton:2007), p.97-98.
  19. ^ Mintz, 'Sweetness and Power', p. 55
  20. ^ ????: Stanley L. Engerman, 'France, Britain and the Economic Growth of Colonial North America', in John J. McCusker and Kenneth Morgan (eds.), The early Modern Atlantic Economy, (New York:2000), p. 246.
  21. ^ John J. McCusker and Kenneth Morgan, 'The early Modern Atlantic Economy', (New York:2000), p. 1.
  22. ^ Robert S. Duplessis, 'Transitions to Capitalism in Early Modern Europe', (Cambridge:1997), p.200.
  23. ^ ??? ????, ??????? ??? ??????? - ????? ?????? ????? , ???? ??????? , 29 ?????? 2021
  24. ^ ??? ???-?? , ?????? ?????: ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ???? ynet , 30 ???? 2012
  25. ^ ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? , ?"? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????
  26. ^ ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? , ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (???????)
  27. ^ Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes , ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? (???????)
  28. ^ ????? ?? ???? ?? , ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (???????)
  29. ^ Sweetened Beverage Consumption, Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Biomarkers of Risk in Men , ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? (???????)
  30. ^ Sweetened beverage consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women , ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? (???????)
  31. ^ "Obesity and overweight" . World Health Organisation. ????? 2016 . ?????? ?- 22 ?????? 2018 . ???? ?- 20 ???? 2017 . {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  32. ^ Lindsay H Allen; Andrew Prentice ( 28 ?????? 2012 ). Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition 3E . Academic Press. pp. 231?233. ISBN   978-0-12-384885-7 . ?????? ?- 1 ??????? 2020 . ???? ?- 4 ?????? 2013 . {{ cite book }} : ( ???? )
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  45. ^ " ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??, ???? ????? ?? ???, ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? "??
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