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1283
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1480
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1389
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1425
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?? ?????? ???????). ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 1450, ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??
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1446
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(1448).
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1462
?-
1505
???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ????? ????. ???? ?
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???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????. ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????, ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
???
?"???? ?? ???". ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? "?????? ?????". ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????
??????? ?????? ?? ????
?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????
??? ?? ????
. ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?-1503 ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????.
??? ?? ?????? ??????,
????? ??????
, ????? ?? ????????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???.
????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???,
?????? ??????
, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???
?????? ?????
???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????.
- Florinsky, Michael T. (1965). Russia: a History and an Interpretation.
- Dewey, Horace W. (1987). "Political Poruka in Muscovite Rus'". The Russian Review. 46 (2): 117?133. doi:10.2307/130622. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 130622.
- Isham, Heyward; Pipes, Richard (2016-09-16). Remaking Russia: Voices from within: Voices from within. Routledge. ISBN
978-1-315-48307-8
.
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978-0-521-81227-6
.
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978-5-98874-011-7
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.
- Moss, Walter G (2005). "History of Russia - Volume 1: To 1917", Anthem Press
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0-89357-262-4