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?????
?????? (TA98)	neuron
??????????? ????????	A14.0.00.002
??????????? ???????????	H2.00.06.1.00002
???? ???????	sao1417703748
FMA	54527
??? MeSH	A08.675
???? MeSH	D009474
????? ???? ??????? ???????	C0027882

???? ????? (? ??? : ????????? ?? ??????? , Neuron ) ??? ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???. ??? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? , ? ????? ?????? ?????????? , ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ????.

??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??, ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? , ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ^[1].

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????-?????? ^[2].

????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???, ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????.

????? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ^[3]. ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ^[3]. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????-???????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.

??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? . ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? "????" ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ^[4]. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? , ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ^[3].

???? ?? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???: ??? ???, ????????? ????????? ^[5].

?????? - ???? ??? ????? ??????? δ?νδρον (????????????), ??????? ??, ????? ??? ??? ?????; ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???. ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????, ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? . ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (spines) ???"? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????. ??????, ???? ??? ???"? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[5].
??? ?? ??? - ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ????? ???, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????.
????? - ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ^[3]. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?-100 ???? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? , ??? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????. ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? . ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????-??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? . ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? . ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????-??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ? ????? ????? .

???? ??? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ??????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?-4 ?? 150 ?????? . ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ^[6].

????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? (???????? ????????) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? (Unipolar) - ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????, ??? ????????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? .
?????? (Bipolar) ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ????????? ? ????? .
?????? ???????? (Pseudounipolar) ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
????????? (Multipolar) ? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???, ???? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ????, ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???, ? ??? ???? ( stellate cells ) ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???, ??? ????? ????? ????.

????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?? ?????? (projection cells ) ?? ??? ????'? ???? 1 (Golgi cells I type) . ??????, ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?????? " ???? ??????? ", ????????????? ?? ??? ????'? ???? 2 (Golgi cells II type).

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????'?.

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??? . ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????:

?? ??? ?????? : ?? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????, ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????.
?? ??? ?????? : ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????.
?? ??? ???? : ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? .

????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???. ?????? ??, ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? " ???? ??????????? " ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????, ???? ????? ???????? GABA ????? " ???? ???????? " ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????. (??? ??????? ). ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

????? ??? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??. ????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ?? ???????????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????.

??????? ??? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????: ? ????? ?? ????? ^[3].

?????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? . ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? , ? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? , ?????? ????? ????????? .

??? ??? ????? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????-?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ^[2]. ????? ???, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????.

??? ?????? ??-????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ????? , ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ^[2]. ????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ^[2]. ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ^[2]. ? ???? ??????? , ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ? ??? , ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? .

???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ????-???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????, ?? ??????? ??? ????. ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????'? . ?????? ?????, ????'? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? , ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????? . ???? 1906 ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? "??????" ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? .

????? ?? ???? ???'????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ????? ???? (Walter Pitts) ???? ????'? ??'????? (Sturgis McCulloch) ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???, ?????? ?-1943 ^[7], ??? ???? ????? ???, ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ? ??????? , ???? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? , ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? , ???? ? ?????? , ??? ??????, ?????? 1997
????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????: ?? ??? , ???? lib.cet.ac.il, [1] , [2]
?? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????
Anatomy of a Neuron - ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???
???? ????: ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? - ???? , ???? ???? ????? , ??? 2018, ? ????? ????? ???? Nature , ????? 2017
?? ??? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
???????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ???? ?. ?. ???????? ?.?. (2010). ???? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ??????.
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ??? ?????? (1999). ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????. ?????: ????.
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ??? ??????? (2004). ????? ????: ??????, ????? ??? ?????. ?????: ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????.
^ Wiesenfeld, K., & Moss, F. (1995). Stochastic resonance and the benefits of noise: from ice ages to crayfish and SQUIDs. Nature, 373(6509), 33-36.
^ ¹ ² Mark F. Bear, Barry W. Connors, Michael A. Paradiso, 2, Neuroscience: exploring the brain , 4. ed, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2016, ISBN 978-0-7817-7817-6
^ Mark F. Bear, Barry W. Connors, Michael A. Paradiso, Neuroscience: exploring the brain , 4. ed, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2016, ??' 46-49, ISBN 978-1-4511-0954-2
^ Akshay L. Chandra, McCulloch-Pitts Neuron ? Mankind’s First Mathematical Model Of A Biological Neuron , Medium, ‏2022-09-27 (???????)

[גריג2010-1] ???? ?. ?. ???????? ?.?. (2010). ???? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ??????.

[אבולוציוניים-2] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ??? ?????? (1999). ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????. ?????: ????.

[מהפיכתהמוח-3] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ??? ??????? (2004). ????? ????: ??????, ????? ??? ?????. ?????: ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????.

[Wiesenfeld1995-4] Wiesenfeld, K., & Moss, F. (1995). Stochastic resonance and the benefits of noise: from ice ages to crayfish and SQUIDs. Nature, 373(6509), 33-36.

[:0-5] ¹ ² Mark F. Bear, Barry W. Connors, Michael A. Paradiso, 2, Neuroscience: exploring the brain , 4. ed, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2016, ISBN 978-0-7817-7817-6

[6] Mark F. Bear, Barry W. Connors, Michael A. Paradiso, Neuroscience: exploring the brain , 4. ed, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2016, ??' 46-49, ISBN 978-1-4511-0954-2

[7] Akshay L. Chandra, McCulloch-Pitts Neuron ? Mankind’s First Mathematical Model Of A Biological Neuron , Medium, ‏2022-09-27 (???????)

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