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????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????: ???? , ??? , ???? , ??????? , ?????? , ???? ???? , ????? ? ??????? ^[1].

???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? .

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???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? "?????", ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? , ????: ???? ?????, ???? ???? , ???? ????????? , ???? ????.

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?????? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?-200 ????? ???? ????, ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? (??? ?? ?????????? ) ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ^[2] ??????? , ??? ????? , ???? , ????? , ???? ? ???? , ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[3] ??????? ???? ("Manganese nodules"), ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? 3,000?6,000 ??? ??????? ????? ?-" Clarion-Clipperton Zone", ??? ???, ??? ??????-????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? . ^[4] ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? , ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[5]

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^ David Cohen, Further reading - New Scientist , web.archive.org, ‏2008-07-20
^ Lisa A. Levin, Diva J. Amon, Hannah Lily, Challenges to the sustainability of deep-seabed mining , Nature Sustainability 3, 2020-07-06, ??' 784?794 doi : 10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x
^ Rahul Sharma, Environmental Issues of Deep-Sea Mining , Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11, 2015, ??' 204?211 doi : 10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.026
^ Andrea Koschinsky, Luise Heinrich, Klaus Boehnke, J Christopher Cohrs, Till Markus, Maor Shani, Pradeep Singh, Karen Smith Stegen, Welf Werner, Deep-sea mining: Interdisciplinary research on potential environmental, legal, economic, and societal implications: Interdisciplinary Review of Deep-sea Mining Impacts , Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 14, 2018-11, ??' 672?691 doi : 10.1002/ieam.4071
^ Teske, S., Florin, N., Dominish, E. and Giurco, D. (2016) Renewable Energy and Deep Sea Mining : Supply, Demand and Scenarios. Report prepared by ISF for J.M.Kaplan Fund, Oceans 5 and Synchronicity Earth, July 2016.

[1] David Cohen, Further reading - New Scientist , web.archive.org, ‏2008-07-20

[2] Lisa A. Levin, Diva J. Amon, Hannah Lily, Challenges to the sustainability of deep-seabed mining , Nature Sustainability 3, 2020-07-06, ??' 784?794 doi : 10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

[3] Rahul Sharma, Environmental Issues of Deep-Sea Mining , Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11, 2015, ??' 204?211 doi : 10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.026

[4] Andrea Koschinsky, Luise Heinrich, Klaus Boehnke, J Christopher Cohrs, Till Markus, Maor Shani, Pradeep Singh, Karen Smith Stegen, Welf Werner, Deep-sea mining: Interdisciplinary research on potential environmental, legal, economic, and societal implications: Interdisciplinary Review of Deep-sea Mining Impacts , Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 14, 2018-11, ??' 672?691 doi : 10.1002/ieam.4071

[5] Teske, S., Florin, N., Dominish, E. and Giurco, D. (2016) Renewable Energy and Deep Sea Mining : Supply, Demand and Scenarios. Report prepared by ISF for J.M.Kaplan Fund, Oceans 5 and Synchronicity Earth, July 2016.

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