????????? ???? ?????? ??????
(?
??????
:
British Central Africa Protectorate
) ?????
????? ????
??????
?
??????
, ????? ??
??????
?? ?????, ??? ????? ????
1893
?????
1907
???? ??? ?
???????
.
??? ????? ????? ???? ????? (
??? ??????
?? ?????) ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???
??????? ???????????
??? ?????
1858
?
1864
?????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?
?????
??????. ?????? ????? ???????????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?
???? ?-60
?
?-70
. ????
1878
????? ?
??????
???? ?????? ????????? ??"?, ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??"?, ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?
??? ??????
?? ??? ????? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?
???????
????
1876
??????? ????? ????? ?? ????
1883
.
??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?
???? ?????????
??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?
???? ?-30 ?? ???? ?-19
?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?
???? ??????
, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. ????
1879
,
????? ???????
???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? (?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????-????? ?? ??????), ?????
1882
???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????, ?? ?????
????? ?????
(
1884
) ???? ?? ??????? ???-?????? ????. ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????
1886
. ????? 1885?1886 ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? Shire Highlands, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????.
????? ???
1888
????
???? ???? ??????
???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????. ?? ???, ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?
???? ?????? ??????????
, ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?'?????? ??????? ?????? ?
???????
?????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????
?????????
????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ?'?????? ???? ?????? ?
??????
??????
1889
??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? 1889 ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ?????.
???? 1888 ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????-???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? 1888 ????. ????? ????, ?????? 1889, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ?? ?'?????? ??????? 1889 ????? ???? ????, ???? ?'?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ???????, ?? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????
1864
, ??? ??? ?? ?????, ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?'?????? ?'?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?'??????, ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?'?????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???, ???????? 1889 ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ?-70 ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? 1889, ????? ???? ???, ?'???? ???????, ????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????.
?????? ?? ?'?????? ?? ????????? ????,
????????? ?????? ???????
, ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????
1891
. ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?'???? ????? ?? ?
?????
, ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????.
???????
????? ?? ?????? ??
???? ???? ?????? ???????
???? ?? ???? ??????????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????-???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?-
11 ??????
1890
. ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?-
8 ????
1890 ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??'????? ??
12 ????
.
???? 1891 ??????-????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? 1879, ???? ????? 1891 ????? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????-?????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????'?. ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? 99 ???? ?? ?'????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????-?????? ???? 1890. ????? ?????? ??
???? ??????
???? ???? 1891 ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ?
?????
?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??
1924
.
???? 1891 ??? ?'?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????, ??????? ??? ??? ?? 70 ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ???, ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????, ????? ??
1895
?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ???, ??
1898
, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??
??? ??????
. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????.
???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? 1891 ????? ?'?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ???????, ??????? ?? ?'?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????
1892
?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ???, ????
1893
?????
???? ????
???? ????? ??? ????? ??'?????? ????? 200 ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????
1895
???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????.
???? ???, ?'?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? "?????? ????? ????", ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?
???? ??????
?
?????
??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????, ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??"? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 1887?1889, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ?'?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? 1889 ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1895, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ?'?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ???????? 1895 ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?-400 ??????
?????
????????? ??
????????
?
??????
?? ????? ????? ????? ?'?????? ???? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?'?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?-
2 ??????
?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?-
4 ??????
, ??? ??????? ?????. ????? ????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ?-
5 ??????
: ??? 200 ?-300 ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????.
????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?
???? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-19
?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??????, ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? 1891, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?'?????? ???????? ???. ??????? 1895 ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ?'??????, ????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?-
23 ????????
1896
. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?-
27 ????????
. ???? ???, 5,000 ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????.
?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?'?????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????
1904
????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???. ???? ??? ???? ??'?? ????, ????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????.
????
1907
???? ?? ?????????? ?
???????
, ?????
1964
????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?
??????
.
????? ?? ????? ??????????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????
????
,
????
??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ????
1907
?? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ?????? ????-?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
????
???? ????
????
???? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???
???
???? ??????? ??????? ????
1895
, ?? ?????? ?
?????
, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????
1905
, ?????? ????? ??????? ?????
???
?
?????
. ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
??
???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? 1905 ????? ?????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????
1908
.
???? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????????? ?-
1859
, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????-???? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? 100 ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?'???? ??
???????
. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?-
1896
?-
1934
, ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??'?????, ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 1908 ????? ????? (?????? ????'?).
??? ????
1895
???? ?'?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????,
???????
, ???? Quelimane ????????. ?? ???, ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? 1895, ???? ???'?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? Shire Highlands Limited ?????? 1895 ??? ????? ???. ?? ?? ?? ??'?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ??? ???? ????? ???, ?? ????
1901
????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? 361,600 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?? ??????, ?? ??????
1903
???? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ??'????? ????
1907
.
?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????
1891
, ?? ????? ???? ?
????
?????? ???? ??'?????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ??
?????
??? ??????? ?
????????
??? Umtali ???? ??????
1898
.