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??????? ^[1] ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ?????.

?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 400 ???? 800 ????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ? ????? ?-99.8% ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ^[2] ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ????????? .

???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ? ????? ?? ????? , ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????.

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??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?-19 ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ( ??' ) ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.

???? 1856 ??? ?'???? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????. ^[3] ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ?- 1857 ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?- 1866 ???? ? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? . ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? .

????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? 1913 ???? ??? ?. ???? ?'????? ??????, ??? ??? DOMELRE (???? ???? ?? DOMestic ELectric REfrigerator). ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? 1916 , ?? ????? ???? Kelvinator ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? , ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ? ???? , ? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?- 1925 .

??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? , ????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? "Monitor-Top" ?? ?'??? ??????? ?- 1927 . ??? 1,000,000 ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????. ?? ?- 1931 ???? ???? " ?????? " ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ????, ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???. ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ?????, ?????? ???.

???? ??? ??? ???? - ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ???? 1939 ?? ??? ?'??? ??????? . ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????: ?? ????? (18°C-), ?? ????? (0°C), ?? ????? (4°C), ??? ????? (10°C).

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???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? (????: ?????? ; ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ). ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? . ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ???? ??? ??????? (???? ???? ?? ?????) ??????? ??????, ????? ?????.

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????? ???? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? (????: ????? ??????). ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? "No Frost" ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????.

?????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? A (??????) ?-G (??????). ^[4] ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? 70 ?-270 ??? ????? ??? 0.18 ?-2.67 ???? ???-??? ???? ???? . ????? ????? ???? ???? "No Frost" ????? ??? ??? 145 ?-420 ???, ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 310 ?-775 ??? ????? ??? 0.55 ?-4.1 ???????-??? ???? ????. ^[5] ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??. ????? No Frost ?????, ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??.

???? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????" ????? ????? ? ??? ?-40 ?????? ?????? No Frost ???? ??? ?????. ^[6] ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ^[7]

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" ????? " ????? ??????? ? ???? - ?????? ?????????.

???? ??? ????? ? ????? ( ???????? , ??????, ?????? ?????-???????) ?????? ????? "????'???" ( ??' ) , ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.

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????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?-30 ?? ???? ?-20 . ????? ??? ?? ??? 1935 ????? ???????? ?-2000 ?????? ???????, ^[8] ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????. ^[9] ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ^[10] ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ^[11] ????? ????? ? ?? ???? ???? 1946 ????? ?????? ??????? ??-10% ??????. ^[12] ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? . ^[13]

????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?-50 ??-60 ?? ???? ?-20. ???? 1956 ??? ?-37% ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? 1960 ??? ?????? ?-54%. ^[14] ???? 2010 ??? ???? ?-99.8% ????? ???? ??????. ^[15]

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???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? , ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ???? 3 ???? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????), ???"?-1965 ?? ????? ??? ????, ??? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ^[16]

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????? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? , ???? ynet , 20 ?????? 2004
??????? ?? ???????? , ???? ??????? ????? ?????? , ‏5 ???????? 2010
? ????? ?? ????????? ? - ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?, ????? ?????? ???????, ?????
?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? - ???? ??????? ???? - ????? ?.?.? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????

Who invented the fridge?, Google Arts & Culture , 2019

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ???? ???? "????-??????"
^ ????? ??????? ?????? 2010 - ???? 61 ,????? ?? ?????? ???-????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? (?????? ???? ????, 19.3.2019)
^ History Of Refrigeration
^ ?????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? .
^ ????? ????? , ???? ???? ?????, ???? 14 .
^ ?????? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?-8 ??????? 2011.
^ ???? ???? ??? , ???? ???? ?????, ?????? 12-13.
^ ????? ?????? ???? ???? , ??? , 28 ????? 1935
^ ????? ???? , ??? , 27 ???? 1934
^ ????? ????? ???? ???????? , ??? , 18 ????? 1936
^ ???? - ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? , ??? , 8 ????? 1939
^ 40 ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? , ?????? , 10 ????? 1946
^ ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? , ????? , 11 ????? 1951
^ ???? ???? , ?????'??? ?? ????? ????? , ??? , 11 ??????? 1961
^ ???"? - ??? ?????? ??? 2010, ???? 24 (?????? ???? ????, 19.3.2019)
^ "?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???"? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???.

[1] ???? ???? "????-??????"

[2] ????? ??????? ?????? 2010 - ???? 61 ,????? ?? ?????? ???-????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? (?????? ???? ????, 19.3.2019)

[3] History Of Refrigeration

[4] ?????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? .

[5] ????? ????? , ???? ???? ?????, ???? 14 .

[6] ?????? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?-8 ??????? 2011.

[7] ???? ???? ??? , ???? ???? ?????, ?????? 12-13.

[8] ????? ?????? ???? ???? , ??? , 28 ????? 1935

[9] ????? ???? , ??? , 27 ???? 1934

[10] ????? ????? ???? ???????? , ??? , 18 ????? 1936

[11] ???? - ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? , ??? , 8 ????? 1939

[12] 40 ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? , ?????? , 10 ????? 1946

[13] ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? , ????? , 11 ????? 1951

[14] ???? ???? , ?????'??? ?? ????? ????? , ??? , 11 ??????? 1961

[15] ???"? - ??? ?????? ??? 2010, ???? 24 (?????? ???? ????, 19.3.2019)

[16] "?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???"? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???.

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