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לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

??????????? ( ??????? , ? ?????? : ???????? , ????????) ?? ??? ????? ????-???? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ????????? - ??????? . ????? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ? ??? , ??? , ?? , ???? , ?? , ?? ? ??? ??????.

??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?'?????? . ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 50 ?? 100 ??? ???. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????? , ? ???? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? , ????? , ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? .

??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? . [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????: ???? ??? ??????? ?????? "???", ???? ????? ?????? "?????", ????? ????? ?????? "?????". [8] ?????, ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? , ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ????? . ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. [9] [10] [11]

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? "??????" ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? . ????? ????? "??????" ???? ??????? ??? ?"??????", ?????? ?????? ????????, ???. ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ("??????" ?????? ??????? "???"). ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??-?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?-17 ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????????, ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? , ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? . [12] ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-20 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ??????. [12] ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? , ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-60 ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. [12] ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. [13] ??-?? ???? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? . [10] [11]

???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ????. ????? "?????", ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? , ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. [8] "??? ?????", ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ? ????? ???????? ??????? (1Q20, II, IV) ??????? ? ?????? . [14] ??????? ????? ?? ???? "???????" - ????? ?.?.? - ?????: ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????. [15] [11] ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?? ????? "????? ????" ??? ???? ?? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. [14] [15] [16] [17] ??????? ?????? ??? "??? ?????", ???? ????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? . [18] [19] ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? "???" ????? ?????? ????? "?????". ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? .

????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? . ? ???? ?'???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? "?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????". [20] [21] ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? . [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] ??????? ?'???? ??????' ????'?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? . [22] [4] ??'? ?. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? "??? ????? ?????". [23] ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? , ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????, ???????? ????????. [24]

?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????. [25] ??-?? ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????? . [26] ?????? ???????'? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ? ??? ????? , ???? ????? "?? ??????" ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????. [1] [27] ??-?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ?? , ??? ?? ?? , ???????????, [11] ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. [11] ????? ???????, ??? ?????, ???? ???????? ?? "???? ????", ??-??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. [28]

?????? ?????? ???? ????? , ?????? , ?????

?-2015, ?'???? ????, ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?'??? ????: "??????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ? ??? ?????? ". ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????. [9] ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ?'??????, ??? ?? "??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? , ? ????? ?? ????? , ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ." [29]

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??????

???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ? ????? ?????-?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ????? ???????? , ????? , ?????? , ?????? , [30] [21] ??? ????? [31] ? ????? . ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? , ???? ???? ???????.

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? , ??? , ?? , ???? , ?? , ?? ? ??? , ???? ?? ????? ? ?????? . [32] [33] [34] ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. [18] [35] ???? ???? ?????.

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??. ?. ????? (Lady Ethel Stefana Drower) ( ??' ) . ??? ?????? ?????? ????,'The Secret Adam', ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????:

  1. ???? ?????? ????-????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??. ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????, ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????.
  2. ??????? : ?? ??? ???????, ??? ?????, ???? ????? .
  3. ??????? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????.
  4. ? ???? ????? ? ???? , ?????: ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????.
  5. ? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? .
  6. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? "?????? ????".
  7. ???-?? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ???????.
  8. '????????', ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???????.
  9. ???? ??? ??????? ???????; ?????? ??????? 1, 2 ?-8 ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????.

??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????: ??? ?????. ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ??? ???; ?? ???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?????. [32] ??????? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????.

??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????-???? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? (???) ? ??? ??? (??? ????), ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? (????) ???? ???? (??? ??????). ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???, ????? "???? ??????" (???? ????). [36]

????????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????, "??? ???" ("????? ???????"). [36] ??????? ?????? ??? ?? "??? ??????", "??? ???", "???? ??????" ?"??? ?????". [37] [38] ??? ??? ?? ????, ???? ?????-???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. [39] ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ????, ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???, ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. [39]

???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? "?????" ( ?????? , ???? , ?????? ) ?"??????". ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??-????, ???????? ?????? ??????, ??-?? ??????, ?? ??? ?????, [40] ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. [41]

????? ?????? ???? "?????" ?? "????", ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? [????? ?????] .

?????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ???? [????? ?????] , ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? , ????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ???.

??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ???????? ?? ??? ??????. ?????, ?? ???? ??????? . ?? ???, ?? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? . ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? - ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.

???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ????? ???????? ?????-???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????.

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ? ????? ??? ( ??' )

?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? 5?6 ??????. ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????, ???????? ??? ?? ?"????? ???" (????? ???, "????? ?????"), ??? ???? ?? ???????? , ???????? ? ?????? . ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? - ?"????? ?????" ??"????? ??????". ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???, ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? (?? ???? ???????). ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ????.

??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?????? ( ??' ) , ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??? "????? ??????", ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ 1 2 Deutsch, Nathaniel (1998). Guardians of the Gate-Angelic Vice Regency in Late Antiquity . Brill.
  2. ^ 1 2 Mead, G. R. S., Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandaean John-Book, Dumfries & Galloway UK, Anodos Books (2020)
  3. ^ 1 2 Zinner, Samuel (2019). "The Vines Of Joy: Comparative Studies in Mandaean History and Theology" . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( ???? )
  4. ^ 1 2 3 Thomas, Richard ( 29 ?????? 2016 ). "The Israelite Origins of the Mandaean People" . Studia Antiqua . 5 (2). {{ cite journal }} : ( ???? )
  5. ^ 1 2 Reeves, J. C., Heralds of that Good Realm: Syro-Mesopotamian Gnostic and Jewish Traditions, Leiden, New York, Koln (1996).
  6. ^ 1 2 Quispel, G., Gnosticism and the New Testament, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 19, No 2. (Jan., 1965), pp. 65-85.
  7. ^ 1 2 Beyer, K., The Aramaic Language; Its Distribution and Subdivisions, translated from the German by John F. Healey, Gottingen (1986)
  8. ^ 1 2 Rudolph 1977 , p. 5.
  9. ^ 1 2 Russell, Gerard (2015). Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms . Basic Books.
  10. ^ 1 2 Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). Turning the Tables on Jesus: The Mandaean View. In Horsley, Richard ( ???? 2010 ). Christian Origins . ISBN   9781451416640 . {{ cite book }} : ( ???? ) (pp94-11). Minneapolis: Fortress Press
  11. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 Drower, Ethel Stefana (1953). The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa . Biblioteca Apostolica Vatican.
  12. ^ 1 2 3 Lupieri, Edmondo F. ( 7 ?????? 2008 ). "MANDAEANS i. HISTORY" . Encyclopaedia Iranica . ???? ?- 12 ?????? 2022 . {{ cite web }} : ( ???? ) ?????? - ?????: url-status ( link )
  13. ^ Buckley 2002 , p. 3.
  14. ^ 1 2 Rudolph, Kurt ( ?????? 1964 ). "War Der Verfasser Der Oden Salomos Ein "Qumran-Christ"? Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Anfange der Gnosis". Revue de Qumran . Peeters. 4 (16): 523?555. {{ cite journal }} : ( ???? )
  15. ^ 1 2 Rudolph, Kurt ( 7 ?????? 2008 ). "MANDAEANS ii. THE MANDAEAN RELIGION" . Encyclopaedia Iranica . ???? ?- 3 ?????? 2022 . {{ cite web }} : ( ???? ) ?????? - ?????: url-status ( link )
  16. ^ Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London.
  17. ^ Coughenour, Robert A. "The Wisdom Stance of Enoch's Redactor". Brill: 52. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( ???? ) Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period Vol. 13, No. 1/2 (DECEMBER 1982), pp. 47-55
  18. ^ 1 2 Brikhah S. Nasoraia (2012). "Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion" (PDF) .
  19. ^ "The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness" . Britannica . ???? ?- 4 ???? 2022 . {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  20. ^ Haberl, Charles ( 3 ???? 2021 ), "Hebraisms in Mandaic" , YouTube , ?????? ?-2021-11-10 , ???? ?- 3 ??????? 2021 {{ citation }} : ( ???? )
  21. ^ 1 2 Haberl, Charles (2021). "Mandaic and the Palestinian Question" . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 141 (1): 171?184. doi : 10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171 . ISSN   0003-0279 . S2CID   234204741 .
  22. ^ McGrath, James ( 19 ????? 2020 ). "The Shared Origins of Monotheism, Evil, and Gnosticism" . YouTube . ?????? ?-2021-11-17 . ???? ?- 15 ??????? 2021 . {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  23. ^ Buckley, Jorunn (2012). Lady E. S. Drower's Scholarly Correspondence . Brill. p. 210.
  24. ^ Kazal, Arkan. "Shock and Awe: The U.S. Led Invasion and the Struggle of Iraq's Non-Muslim Minorities" (PDF) . p. 37.
  25. ^ Van Bladel 2017 , p. 5. For a critical review of Van Bladel's thesis, see McGrath 2019 .
  26. ^ Gelbert, Carlos (2013). The Mandaeans and the Christians in the time of Jesus Christ: enemies from the first days of the church . Fairfield, N.S.W: Carlos Gelbert. ISBN   978-0-9580346-4-7 . OCLC   853508149 .
  27. ^ Yamauchi, Edwin (2004). Gnostic Ethics and Mandaean Origins . Gorgias Press. doi : 10.31826/9781463209476 . ISBN   9781463209476 .
  28. ^ Nasoraia, Brikha H.S. (2021). The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought . New Delhi: Sterling. ISBN   978-81-950824-1-4 . OCLC   1272858968 .
  29. ^ "Welcome to the Mandaean Synod of Australia" . Mandaean Synod of Australia . ???? ?- 3 ??????? 2021 . {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  30. ^ Haberl, Charles ( 3 ???? 2021 ), "Hebraisms in Mandaic" , YouTube , ???? ?- 3 ??????? 2021 {{ citation }} : ( ???? )
  31. ^ Stephen A. Kaufman, The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (Assyriological Studies 19; Chicago: The University of Chicago: 1974).
  32. ^ 1 2 Cross, F. L. ; Livingstone, E. A. , eds. (2005). "Mandeans (Nasoreans)" . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd, Revised ed.). Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 1032?1033. ISBN   978-0-19-280290-3 .
  33. ^ Rudolph 1977 , p. 15.
  34. ^ Fontaine, Petrus Franciscus Maria ( ?????? 1990 ). Dualism in ancient Iran, India and China . The Light and the Dark. Vol. 5. Brill. ISBN   9789050630511 . {{ cite book }} : ( ???? )
  35. ^ mandaean ??????? ????????? ( 21 ??????? 2019 ). "???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????" . YouTube . ???? ?- 2 ??????? 2022 . {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  36. ^ 1 2 Nashmi, Yuhana ( 24 ?????? 2013 ), "Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith" , Mandaean Associations Union , ???? ?- 3 ???????? 2021 {{ citation }} : ( ???? )
  37. ^ Drower, Ethel Stefana. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran . Oxford At The Clarendon Press, 1937.
  38. ^ Rudolf, K. (1978). Mandaeism. Leiden: Brill.
  39. ^ 1 2 Rudolph 2001 .
  40. ^ "Sabian Mandaeans" . Minority Rights Group International . ??????? 2017 . ???? ?- 3 ??????? 2021 . {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  41. ^ McGrath, James ( 23 ?????? 2015 ), "The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans" , YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University , ???? ?- 3 ??????? 2021 {{ citation }} : ( ???? )
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