??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????
?????? Batilus ???? 1976, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ?-Batilus ?
????
?? ????? ?-550,000 ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?-400 ??? ????? ????????? ?????-??
????? ???
???
?????? ???
??????? ??????
???
?
??????
. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???: ?????? ?
??? ?????
??????? ??????? ???. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?
??? ??????
. ?????? ??
?????? ???
?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????.
?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?
????
?? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ??????-?? ???? ????? ????? ?? 550,000 ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?-2 ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?-2?3
???
?
????
???????.
????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
??? ???
??????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
?????
, ????? ???? ????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????
????? ???
??????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?-20 ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
????? ???? Falls of Clyde, ????? ???? 1878, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????
?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????. ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????
???-?????????
, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-19 ?? ????
?????
. ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????
?????
???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ?
???? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-19
???? ???? ???? ?
?????????
????? ???? ????? ??, ???? ????? ??? ?
??????????
(Titusville) ???????????.
??? ????
??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1859, ??????? ????? ?-10
????? ???
????. ???? ?????? ????
??? ????
?????????? ?-3,000 ????? ????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ?????????? ???????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???.
?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 40
????
(?-150 ????). ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?-29 ?"?, ?-20% ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??-????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ??, ?????? ?
?????
, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????.
???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? 1860. ???? 1863 ???? ??? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?
??????
. ???? 1873 ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????
?????? ?????
??? ?????? (Vaderland). ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?
???? ?-70 ?? ???? ?-19
, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.
23-24 ???? 1893: ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?
???? ??????
???? 1876 ????? ????? ????? ??
????? ????
, ??????? ?????? ????, ?? ???? ?????? (Branobel) ?
??????? ??????
. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?
????
(???? ?
???????'?
). ????? ???? ?-19 ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????.
??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? (Zoroaster) ?????? ?
??????
. ?????? 1878 ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?
??????
. ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ?????
????
?? ???? ????? ???????. ???????? 1878 ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???: ????? (Buddha) ??????????? (Nordenskjold).
???????? ???? ???? 242
????? ??????
??
??????
???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? 21 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?
????
. ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 56 ???, ????? 8.2 ??? ?????? ?? 2.7 ???. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????, ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?
?? ?????
???
??? ?????
,
??? ?????
,
??? ?????
,
???? ??????
(???? ??? ?
???? ???? ?????-????
) ?????
?????
.
???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? (single hull), ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ??????? 1880 ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ???? (Moses). ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ???? 1881 ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ?
???????
?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????.
???? 1883 ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?????? ???? ?. ?????, ??? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?
?????
???????, ??? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???.
???? 1903 ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?
???? ???? ??????
, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??. ?????? ????? (Vandal) ????? ??????
????? ????
?? 120
?"?
????, ????? 750 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????.
?????? ??????? (Gluckauf), ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????
??? ??????
???-?? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????
?????? ????
(Standard Oil) ?????????.
????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
?? ????? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-19 ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????
??????
?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?
???? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-19
??? ????? ???? ????? ????? 1883 ??????
????? ????
, ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ??????? ????
????
??? ?
?????
????
??? ?????
, ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????.
????? ???????
???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???
???? ????
???? ????? ?? ?????: ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????. ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??
???? ???? ????
????? ????? ????? ???. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? 5,010 ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? (Tank Syndicate), ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
????? ???? ??
.
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ?
?'????
,
???????
,
??????
,
??????
,
???? ????
,
???????
?
????
????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ?-24 ??????? 1892 ????? ?????? ????? (Murex) ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ???? 1907, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????, ??? ?? 34 ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?-16 ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????.
????? ???? ??
??? ????????
?????? (USS Maumee), ??? ????? ?-17 ?????? 1915, ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? 14,500 ??? ??????
??????
?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????
?????? ?????
, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????.
??????? ?????? ??????
????? ????? ???????
????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
????? ??????
???? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????: "??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ??????. ??????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? - ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????."
?'???' ??????
??? ?????
????? ??????
: "???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????... ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????." ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
(United States Shipping Board), ??? ????? ?-7 ??????? 1916, ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? 1.3 ??????? ????. ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
??? ????? 1916 ?-1921 ???? 316 ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? 3.2 ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?-2 ?????? ???.
????? ???? Hat Creek ???? T2, ????? ???? 1943
??????? ????, ?????? ??????? ???? T2, ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ???? T2, ????? ?? 16,613 ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? 500 ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? T2 ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?
?????? ??????
.
?? ???? 1956 ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
????? ????
???? 1956. ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???
?? ?????? ?????
, ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????.
Hellespont Alhambra ?????-?? ???? TI, ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 2009
??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? T2 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 162 ??? ?????? ?? ?-16,500 ???, ?????-?? ??????? ?????? ?
???? ?-70 ?? ???? ?-20
????? ????? ????? ?? 400 ??? ?????? ??? 500,000 ???. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??: ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?????
??? ?????? ????
????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???. ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????: ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????.
???? 1958 ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ????? ?. ???????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? 100,000 ???. ?"??????? ?????" (Universe Apollo) ????? 104,500 ???, ????? ????? ?-23% ??????? ???? ??????, "??????? ????" (Universe Leader), ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? 1979 ?????? ?
???
?????? ?? ?????-?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? (2012), ?
??????? ?'?????
(????? ???? ????? ??? ?-Knock Nevis). ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 564,763 ???, ????? 458.45 ???, ?????? 24.61 ???. ?????? ??? 46 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 31,541
?"?
. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????-?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??
???? ?????
??? ????? ????. ???? 1989 ???? ??? ?? ?-Seawise Giant ?-Happy Giant, ???? 1991 ????? Jahre Viking, ????? 1999 ????? Knock Nevis, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ???? 2009 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?-Mont ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????.
???? ???? 2011, ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? TI: TI Europe ?-TI Oceania. ?????? ??? ???? ????? 2002?2003 ???? ???? ?????
??????
???? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? 441,500 ???, ????? 380 ??? ???? ?????? ???? 3,166,353
????? ???
. ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? (double hull), ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????.
???????? ???? ??????? ???
[1]
| ???? AFRA
|
???? ??? ????
|
| ?? ????????
|
????
?
???
|
?? ????????
|
???? ????
|
????? ?????? ????
General Purpose tanker
|
10,000-24,999
|
????? ??????
Product tanker
|
10,000-60,000
|
????? ????? ??????
Medium Range tanker
|
25,000-44,999
|
?????
|
60,000-80,000
|
????? ????? ???? 1
LR1
|
45,000-79,999
|
??????
Aframax
|
80,000-120,000
|
????? ????? ???? 2
LR2
|
80,000-159,999
|
???????
|
120,000-200,000
|
????? ????? ???? ???? ?????
VLCC
|
160,000-319,999
|
????? ????? ???? ???? ?????
VLCC
|
200,000-320,000
|
?????-??
ULCC
|
320,000-549,999
|
?????-??
ULCC
|
320,000-550,000
|
???? 1954 ????? ???? ????
??
?? ???? "????? ???? ????? ?????" (average freight rate assessment;
?"?
AFRA) ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (London Tanker Broker's Panel). ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?"????? ????" ??????? ????? ???? ?-25,000 ???, "???? ??????" ??????? ????? ???? 25,000 ?-45,000 ???, ?"???? ????" ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 45,000 ???. ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?-70 ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????.
???? 1983 ????? ?? ?
BP
???? ?? ???? AFRA, ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????.
???? 2005 ???? ?????? ???? 36.9% ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
????
. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?-326.1 ?????? ??? ???? 1970 ?-960 ?????? ??? ???? 2005. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?
?????? ????
????? 72.9% ???? ?? ????? ??????.
???? 2005 ????? 2.42 ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????. 76.7% ????? ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?-34.1% ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? 2005 ????? ????,
???? ??????
,
???? ??????
????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ????.
???? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
??? ???
. ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ?-
CIA
???? 2007 ??? ????? 4,295 ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1,000 ???. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, 528 ?????, ???? ?? ???
????
. ???? ?-200 ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????:
??????
(464),
???????
(355),
???
(252),
?????
(250),
??? ????
(234) ?
??? ?????
(209). ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?
???? ?????
. ??? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? 59 ?-27 ?????? ??? ??????.
???? 2005 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, 10 ????. ???? ??? ??????? 31.6% ??? ???? ???? ?-4 ???? ?-14.3% ??? ???? ???? ?-20 ????. ???? 2005 ???? 475 ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 30.7 ?????? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 64,632 ??? ????. 19 ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????-??, 19 ??? ?????
???????
, 51 ??? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ???? 1980 ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? 8.0 ?????? ???, ???? 1990 ????? ???? ?? 8.7 ?????? ???, ????? 2000 ????? ???? ?? 20.8 ?????? ???.
???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ?
??????
???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?
???? ????
?? ??????? ????. ???? 1998 ???? 700 ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???:
?????
?
????
,
?'??????
?
??????
??????? ??????. ???? 2004 ????? 7.8 ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? 2005 5.7 ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????.
????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?-21
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????
??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? 8 ?-12 ???? ???. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ???? "??? ????", "???? ????", ?? "?? ????". ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ???????. ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????. ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????.
????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (single hull). ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? (double hull) ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????-?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? (double-bottom) ?? ???? ????? (double-sided). ?? ?? ?
???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? 1973 ??? ?????? ???? 1978
(MARPOL 73/78) ?? ???? 2026 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????. ???? 2005 ?????
????? ?????? ?????????
??
?????? ????????
????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? 2010
[2]
.
???? 1998 ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??
??????? ??????? ??????
?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ??-?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????
?????
?????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??
?????
.
????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? (??????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????), ????? ??????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????-???? (mid-deck tanker), ?????? ???? ??????? (Coulombi Egg Tanker), ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? MARPOL, ????? ???? ????
????? ???? ?????????
????? ????
[3]
.
??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????
?? ????
. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ???
??????
???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????.
???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????
[4]
. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ??
????
???? ???? ??-11%, ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????.
?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?-5%. ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ??
?????
??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?-1% ????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????
???? ??-?????
???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????.
???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
????? ?????? ??? ????? ???, ?????? ????? 5,000
?"?
??? ????
????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?
???? ???
??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??-???? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????.
???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?
???? ??????
???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ???? ??? ???????, ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????, ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
???? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? "????? ??????" (Declaration of Inspection;
?"?
DOI) ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? "????? ?????? ??????/???" (Ship/Shore Safety Checklist). ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????, ????? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????.
????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.
????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????.
???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????
?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????, ???? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ??, ???? ????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????.
???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ?????
????
????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? 0.3% ?? 0.5% ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ???? MARPOL, ?????? ????? ??? 20,000 ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????.
????? ????? ????, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ???? ????? "?????". ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? 20%. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??, ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??????. ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????.
??? 1978, ????? ???? Amoco Cadiz ????? ??? ????
?????
,
????
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?-200,000 ??? ??? ?????
?
????? ?????
????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?-24 ???? 1989
??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???,
??????? ?????? ???
????? ????? ?
???? ??????
??-?????. ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???.
?-18 ???? 1967 ?????? Torrey Canyon ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? 120,182 ???, ????
??????? ?????
?
??????
????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?
????
???????? ??? ?? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???
??? ????
??????? ?????? Seven Stones reef ????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?-800,000 ????? ??? ????? ????? ???. ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????
????
??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? 12 ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ???? Torrey Canyon ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????
???? ?????
?????? ????? ???????
[5]
.
?-16 ???? 1978 ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? Amoco Cadiz, ????? 233,690 ???, ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????
?????
. ?????? ????? ????? ??
????? ?????
??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? 16 ?"?. ????????
?????
?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? 12 ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 12 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? 20 ?"? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?-320 ?"? ????? ?????
[6]
.
???? ?-23 ???? 1989 ?????? ????? ????
????? ?????
??????? ???? ?? ??????
?????
??
?????
????? ?-1.26 ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?
??? ?????
?
?????????
[7]
. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ?????-???, ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? MARPOL.
????
???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?
??-?????
?'??? ????????
. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?
???????
?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??????, ??????? ???? 23:00, ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?
????? ????
. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? 257,000 ????? ???, ?? 41 ?????? ????, ?-20% ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ?????
???? ????? ??????
. ?????? ??? ?
???? ??????
???? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? 1990, ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ?????
??????? ????????
?? ??? ????? ??? (Oil Pollution Act of 1990)
[8]
.
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??
?????
, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?
????? ?????????
. ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?
????? ???????
?? ?
??
?
?????? ?????
, ??????? ????
???????? ????? ????'???
[9]
. ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?
?????? ???????
??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????
[10]
.
- ^
Evangelista, Joe, Ed. (Winter 2002). "Scaling the Tanker Market" Surveyor (American Bureau of Shipping) (4): 5?11.
- ^
Single Hull Oil Tankers Banned Worldwide from 2005
- ^
Devanney, Jack (2006).
The Tankship Tromedy: The Impending Disasters in Tankers
(PDF)
. Tavernier, FL: The CTX Press 381-383.
ISBN
0-9776479-0-0
.
- ^
Standard for Inert Gas Systems
. Transport Canada, 1984
- ^
Jaime Rodrigo de Larrucea,
Oil Tankers Safety: Legal Aspects
- ^
Spills: A matter of liability
.
Anchorage Daily News
, May 7, 1989
- ^
Details about the Accident
. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council
- ^
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
- ^
Nilsson RI, et al. Leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma in seamen on tankers.
Occupational Environmental Medicine
1998;55:517-521
- ^
Moen BE, et al. Occupational Exposure of Deck Crews to Carcinogenic Agents on Crude Oil Tankers.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine
1995;27:555-564