?????? (???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ) ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ??????? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ??????? , ????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ?? ???????? , ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ???? . ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????, ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ??60 ?? ???? ??20 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????, ANITA, ?? ???? Bellpunch, ?????? ???????? 1961. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? , ?????? ?????, ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? , ?? Bellpunch ??? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???, ??? Bellpunch, ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ??60 ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????? , ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? . ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? Nixie ‏ (Nixie Tube ( ??' ) ), ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? . ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? (??? ??? ??? ), ???1968 ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????, ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? Nixie ??????????? ??????? ????, ????? Itron. ??1970 ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? "??????" ??? ???? ???? ????, ?? ?? ????? ?? "?????? ???". ??????, Sharp QT-8B ( ??' ) , ?? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? Rockwell, ?????? ????? ????? ?? 7.5 ???? . ?????? ?? ??????? Itron ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? Nixie. ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??1971, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??500 ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? 3 ?????.

???? 1970 ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Busicom ( ??' ) ), ???? ??????? ????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ( Mostek ( ??' ) ), ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????, ???? 4 ?????? 4004 (????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????) ??? ??? ?????? ????? 1971, ???? (?? ?????) ?? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??4004. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? (?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????), ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????.

????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ??????, MK6010 ????? ?? ?? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????, ??? ??Junior, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? "?????? ???" ? ??? ???? ??1.6 ?"? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ^[1] . ????? ????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??? LE-120A "HANDY" ^[2] , ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? (MK6010L). ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ^[3] , ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? , ?? LED, ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ^[4] .

????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? "??", ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??. ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ???? Bowmar ????????? ????? ?????? LED, ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????????. ??? ??? ??? ???? Bowmar ???? ???????? ????????? ????????, ???? ?????? ?????.

?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? , ????????? , ???????? ????????????? . ???? 1972 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ? HP-35 ^[5] . ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? HP, ?????? ?? RPN , ??? ????????? ??????? ??HP ????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? HP. ??????? ???? 35 ????? (???? ????? ??? ???? ??? HP-35). ???? HP ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????, ???1974 ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ^[6] , HP-65, ?? 9 ?????? , ??????? ????? ?? ?? 100 ?????? ???, ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?"??????", ?? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? "???????" ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????????? , ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ??? ? ??$800, ???1975 ????? ????? ???? ??? HP-25, ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????.

???? ???? ???????????, ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????. ??1972 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???, ??? ??TI-2500 ????? ??$120 ^[7] . ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ????, ???? Bowmar, ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??1972, ???? ??????? ??1976. ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????, ??????? HP ?? ???????? ??????. ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? .

???? ?????? ??????? ?????: ??1975 ????? Pulsar ( ???? ????? ?? HP ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????) ?????? ????? ? ???? ?? , ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ??70 ?? ???? ??20 ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ( LCD ), ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??LED. ?? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? , ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? , ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?????. ? ???? ??80 ?? ???? ??20 ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? , ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? , ???? " ????? ?????? " ????????. ??2017, ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ??$8.

??????, ?????? ?? ???????? ??? 1973 ??1978, ???? ?????? ?? ??? "???? ??" ^[8] :

• 
  ????? "???? 8", ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????
• 
  ??????? ?????? ?? Sharp QT-8B, ??????????? Itron, ??1970
• 
  ????? ????? ??????? Unicom 141P, ?? Busicom, ?? ???? 4004 ?? ?????
• 
  ?????? EL-8 ?? ???? ???? , ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? "?????? ???". 1971, ????? Itron
• 
  ?????? ?? Bowmar, ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??1973
• 
  HP-35, ?????? ???? ????? ??????
• 
  ?????? ???? ?? ????? HP-65. ?????? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ??????, ????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????.
• 
  ??????????? ???? ?? Casio , ????? ???? ??80
• 
  ?????? ??1980, ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ??????? ?? ???????????

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????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? , ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? . ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????????? , ???? , ??????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ???????? ????????: ?????? ????? , ????? ??????; ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? .

???????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????.

????, ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? PDA . ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????.

????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????: ????? ?? 8 ?????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1, ???? ?????? 100 ?????? ?????? 9 ?????. ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ???? 0. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? . ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? (???? ???), ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? (superscript) ?? ????? ????? ( ${\displaystyle b}$ ?????? ${\displaystyle a^{b}}$), ??????? (???? ???) ???? ??????? ?????? E (??? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????? e ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ${\displaystyle e^{x}}$ !), ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ??E ????? ????? ???? ??E. ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??, ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??E ????? ????? ???? ??E ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? 10. ????? ????, ????? ${\displaystyle xEy}$ ????? ?? ????? ${\displaystyle x\cdot 10^{y}}$.

???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ????? : ????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???, ??? 1 ??9 (????? ?? 0), ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 1 ??999, ?????????? ????? ??3. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? 1000 ??? ?? ??????: ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? , ?????????? , ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? , ??????? , ??? ? ??????? , ?????? ???? ? ???????? , ??????? , ??? , ??????? ? ??? , ??? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ? ?????? . ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? . ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????.

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???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????:

1. ????? ??????: ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??360 ????? (????? 360°). ????? ???, ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? . ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??400 ?????? (????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ???? ?????????, ?????? ??????). ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? (???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????). ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????????.
2. ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
3. ???? ????? ? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????? , ???? ?????? (???? 8), ? ???? ????????? .

???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????: ????, ??????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???.

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?????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????, ??????? Shift ?? 2nd. ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???, ?????? ?? 40 ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? 22 ???????? (11 ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? , ????? ??????? ?????? ????? =, ???? ??? ????? ??????). ??????, ??????? HP-65 , ?? ????? ????? ????: f , f ^-1 , ?? g . ????? ??, ???? ?? ????? 4 ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? , ???????? ????? ????????? Arcsin , ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 4.

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