???? ?????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
? ??????????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ?-4 ??????? ???? (???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????) ????? ? ?????? ???????????

???? ????? ?? ???????? (? ?????? : Abiogenesis ) ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? , ????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? . ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????. [1]

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????.

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??????????? , ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. [2] ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????. [3] ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ( ??' ) .

???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????.

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?'???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ???????? . ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? , ? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???, ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????.
?-1924 ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????:

  1. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????.
  2. ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????: ??? ?????? ??????? ???? , ?????? , ???? ????.
  3. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? . ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ( ??' ) .
  4. ????? ?? ??????? - ????? ???????? ????? - ???? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????.

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?-2011. ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? 3.4 ??????? ???. [4] [5] ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ????? 2.4 ??????? ????, ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ( 12 C ?- 13 C ), ???? ( 56 Fe, 57 Fe ?- 58 Fe) ? ????? ( 32 S, 33 S, 34 S ?- 36 S) ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? [6] [7] ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? . [8] [9]

?????? ??????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?'?? ???? , ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????:

?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????.

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ? ???? ??????? ?? ? ????????? ????. ???? ?-4 ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? .

????? ? ??????? ????? ???? , ??????? ????? ???? , ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ????-???? ????? ???? 1953 ? ?????????? ????? . ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? 3.5 ??????? ??? - ?????? ???? ?? ????, ??????, ???? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? , ??????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? (???? ?????? ?? ? ??"? ?? ??"? ) ? ?????? ??????. ???? 2008 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????-???? ????? 32 ?????? ?????, ??? 3. [10] 20 ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????.

???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. [11] ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???.

??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? , ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? . ????? ????-???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ? ??????? ????'???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???-????? . ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????-????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????.

???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. [3]

???? 1968 ????? ???? ?????? [12] ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? . ?-2007 ????? ???? [13] ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?-1968 ??????? ??? ??????? ???????. [14] [15] ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????. [16]

???? 2020 ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???. [17]

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?-RNA . ?? ?? ????? ??, ???????? ???????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????, RNA , ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?- DNA ???? ???? ?????? ??, ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? RNA. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?-RNA ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ?-DNA ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??-DNA ?? ???? ????? ????????.

?? ?? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?-RNA ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? RNA ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????.

???? 2017 ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? RNA ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????. [18]

???? 2022 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. [19]

????? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? - ?? ?? ????? ??, ? ??????? , ?????? ????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? (Coacervate) ( ??' ) , ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ????? ????? ???. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?-DNA ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? (??????).

????? ????? ??? ????? ? ??????? - ???????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ( ?????? ) ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? - ???? ????? ?? ???????, ?????? "?????" ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????. [20] ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. [21] ?????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. [22] [23]

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???????: ????? ????? : ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ??????: ?????? ???? : ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????.

???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? LUCA (??? ?????? ??????), ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? (???? ???? ) ?? ???, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???"? . ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?-1981, ????? ?? ????? ??"? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? (?????? ???"?), ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???"? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ??????? ???"? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?-70 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??"? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? .

??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????-????, ???? ?-4 ??????? ????. ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? : ? ?????? ?? ????? . ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ? ???? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-20 ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????.

??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????, ????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? . ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? . ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????. ???????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ????????? . ??????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ???? ??? ?????????. ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? (?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????). ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ? ????? , ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????.

??????? ???-????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??-?????. ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???-????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????-?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? , ?????? , ??????? , ?????? ???????????.

????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?-10 ?????? ????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???-?? ????-???. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ???? 500 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? . ???? ?????? ?????? ??-???? , ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? 300 ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? 200 ?????? ???? ????. ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? 100 ?????? ????. ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ??????, ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????.

?????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? , ?? ??????????? ?????, ????? ?? ? ??? , ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? . ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? - ??????: ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ???'. ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? (??? ?? ???????? ).

?????? ?? ???????? ????? (??? ????? ????? ), ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???.

??? ??? [24] ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? "??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ????, ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???". ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? "????" - ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ????? ????? ?"????" - ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????????
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????? , ? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????. ?? ??"? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????"? ????? ??????? ????? "?? ?????" ?????? ??, ?????? ????? (??????) ???????? , ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? . ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???, ??? ? ??? ?-17 ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ?- 1646 ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??, ?- 1668 ????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??. ????? ?-17 ?????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????; ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????????. ??? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?- 1861 . ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????.
????? ????? /?????? ? ?????
???? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ??????????? ???, ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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  2. ^ ????????? ?????? ?????, ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????, ?? ???, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? , ???? " ????? ", 1 ??????? 2017
  3. ^ 1 2 Abiogenic Hydrocarbon Production at Lost City Hydrothermal Field
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  10. ^ ???? ?????, ? ???? ????? ???? ????? , ???? " ????? ", 13 ???? 2011
  11. ^ ?"? ?? ????????', ????? ????? ?????? , ????? " ????? ??? " ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? , 25 ???? 2020
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  13. ^ Ben-Amots, N. Anbar, M. Sonochemistry on primordial Earth ? Its potential role in prebiotic molecular evolution, Ultrasonic Sonochemistry, v. 14, No. 5, pp. 672-675 ( July 2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.12.007
  14. ^ Dharmarathne, Leena, and Grieser, Franz, "Formation of amino acids on the sonolysis of aqueous solutions containing acetic acid, methane, or carbon dioxide, in the presence of nitrogen gas," J. Phys. Chem. A, v. 120, pp. 191-199 (2016).
  15. ^ Patehebieke, Y., Zhao, Z.R., Wang, S., Xu, H.X., Chen, Q.Q., Wang, X., Cavitation as a plausible driving force for the prebiotic formation of N9 purine nucleosides. Cell Reports Physical Science, v. 2(3), 100375 (March 24, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100375
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  19. ^ Th. Henning, S. A. Krasnokutski; N. Ueberschaar, K.-J. Chuang; C. Jager (2022). "A pathway to peptides in space through the condensation of atomic carbon". Nature Astronomy (???????). doi : 10.1038/s41550-021-01577-9 .
  20. ^ ???? ?????, ? ????? ???? ????? ???? , ???? " ????? ", 18 ??????? 2000
  21. ^ ??? ?????, ? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????: ????? ?? ????' ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? , ???? ????? , 14 ??????? 2019
  22. ^ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41570-021-00329-7
  23. ^ ??? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ????, ?????? ??? ????: ?? ???? ????? ?????-???? , ???? ynet , 8 ??????? 2022
  24. ^ ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?-2016, 96% ?? ?????? ?-85% ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? "??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????" ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????.
    About half of Israeli Jews believe in evolution . Pew Research Center, March 3, 2016
????? ???? " https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????_?????&oldid=38414776 "