한국   대만   중국   일본 
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האנדרטה המרכזית לזכר קורבנות המתקפה הכימית בעיירה חלבג'ה
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??????? 1986?1989 (??3 ????) עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
???? ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
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150,000?200,000 ??????? ??????

לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

???? ??-????? (? ????? : ???? ??????? ; ????? ?????: ???? ??-????? ) ??? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ? ???' ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? , ??? ????? 1986 ? 1989 , ??? ? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????: ????, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????' ??? ????? ???? ?-70 . ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??-??'?? , ??? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? . ????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ??-??'?? ?? ?????? "??? ?????" [1] . ?? ???? ????? ?????, "??-?????" (???????: ????) ????? ? ???? ??-????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? "???? ?????-????" ?????? ????? ??-??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? , ?????? ?????????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??-??? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 150,000?200,000. ???? ????? ???? ????? 100,000 ?????? [2] . ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? , ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? [3] .

??????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? 1975 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ???: ???? 48 ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? [4] . ????? ????, ??? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ? PUK ( ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ), ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?-KDP ( ?????? ????????? ??????? ) ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???.

????? ??????????? ?- 1980 ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ?-PUK ???? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?-KDP. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? PUK-KDP-????? ????? ?????, ????????? ???????? ????? ?"??? ?????" ?? ????? ?????? [5] . ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? "???? ?????". ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?-70, ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??-??? ?????. ?-29 ???? 1987 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? 160 ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??-??'??, ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????' ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? [6] .

????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?-70. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???, ???? ?'????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????? [7] . ?? ???? ?????? ?? 1986 ??? ????? ????? ????, ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????: ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????. ???, ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????.

?? ???? ?? 1987 ?????? ????? ????' ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?"??????", ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????.

???? ???, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????, ????????? 1987 ???? ???? ???????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? "???????" ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?"???'????", ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? [8] . ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? [9] . ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??-??? ????? ???? ???-??? ??'??; ?????? ?????? ?????? ??-??? ????? ??????? ????? ?-40 ????? ??? ??????? , ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???? ??-????? ????? ??'?? ????? ???? ??????; ???, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???"?, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????. ???? ??? ?'???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????', ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????; ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? . ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??-??'?? 703 ????? ????? ??? 1987, ?-4000 ???? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? [10] . ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? [11] .

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? [12] .

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????'? ???? ?????? ??????

??????? ????? 1988: ???? ??????? ?????? "?????" ??? ?????? ???? ??-??? ???? ??????? ???-??? ????? ????' ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?- 23 ??????? 1988 . ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?'??? ???? ????-???? ???????? ????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? PUK [13] . ????? ????? ?"??? ????" ??-??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??-??? ????? ?????? ??? ??-??? ????????. ????? ????' ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? [14] .

?????? ?? ????'? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ?????'?

??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????'? ???? ????. ????'? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? PUK. ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?-1987, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????'??, ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ????? . ?- 13 ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?- 16 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? 4000?7000 ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????'?. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??3,200 ?????? ???? ????? [15] . ???????? ?????? ? ????? , ?? ????? ??????? ??????? . ????'? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? , ?????? ??-??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? [15] . ?????? ?????? ?????'? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ???, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??, ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??????? [16] . ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?????, ?????? ??????? ??-????? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????'? [17] . ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????'? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????.

???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ??? 22 ???? ???? 1 ?????? 1988. ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? [18] . ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??-??? ????? [19] .

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ?????? ??? 7 ???? 20 ?????? 1988, ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?-PUK. ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????; ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????: "??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? [...] ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????" [20] .

?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????; ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? [21] . ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????' ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????- ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??, ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? [22] .

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? 3 ???? 8 ???? 1988. ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??-??? ?????? ?????-???? ?????. ????? ????? ??-??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????. ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? [21] .

?????? ??????-?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ??? 15 ???? ???? 16 ??????? 1988 ??????? ????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 1980 , ???? ?????? ?????? [23] . ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????. ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?-KDP ??-PUK ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? [24] .

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??, ???? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???, ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? KDP, ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????.

????? ?-200,000 ????? ????? ??-??? ??-??'?? ????? ??????? ??? (????? KDP ??? ????? ???????), ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???. ?? ????? ??, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????'? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? [25] .

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????? ?????? 4000 ????? ?????? ????, ?-100,000 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? 150,000?200,000 ?????? ????? [26] . ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ?? ????? ???? GB ???? ?? ????? , ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???. ????? ????? ????' ??????? ?????, ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ????'? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????, ????? ??? , ????? ?????-???????????, ???? , ?????? ??????, ?? ??????, ????? , ? ????? ????? , ??? ???????? ???????? [27] .

?? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??-??? ????? ????' ? "??-?????" ? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? "??-?????" (???????: ????), ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? 624 . ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ??????. ???, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????-???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??-??? ????? ????? ?????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????, ??????? "???? ??????"

???? ??????? ?? ???? ??-????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?-1991 ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??, ??? ????? "???? ??????" (???????: ???? ?????) ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ? ???' , ???????? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ????' ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????.

????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? , ??????, ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? "???? ??????" ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??-?????. ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? (PUK) ??? ??, ?-KRG ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??-????? ?- 14 ?????? ??? ???.

???? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??-????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??-??? ?????? ????? ? ?????? . ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ???"? ????? ??-??? 13 ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???.

???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??-?????, ????? ?????? ???? ??. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????-KDP- PUK [28] ?? ?? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?- 2003 , ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? [29] . ?? ?????? ?? ????'? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? [30] . ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ????, ???????? ?????? ??, ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??-????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? [31] . ???????? , [32] ??????? [33] ? ???? ?????? [34] ????? ????? ???? ??. ????? ?????, ????? ???, ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???"? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???"? ?? ????? 620 ?-26 ??????? 1988 ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? [35] .

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??-????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ Hiltermann Joost R., "The 1988 Anfal Campaign in Iraqi Kurdistan", Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, 2008. P.1. ('The 1988 Anfal Campaign')
  2. ^ Kaveh, C., "Folkemord i Kurdistan ? et eksempel pa politicide?" In B. Hagtvet, N, Brandal & D. E. Thorsen (Eds.), "Folkemordenes svarte bok" (2nd Edition), Oslo,Universitetsforlaget, 2014. pp. 194-195. ('Folkemord i Kurdistan')
  3. ^ UNPO & the Kurdish Regional Government, The Kurdish Genocide: Achieving Justice through EU Recognition , ‏n.d.
  4. ^ Kerim Yildiz, "The Kurds in Iraq: past, present and future", Pluto : Kurdish Human Rights Project,2007. pp.23-24 ('The Kurds in Iraq')
  5. ^ 'The 1988 Anfal Campaign', P3
  6. ^ 'The Kurds in Iraq', p.25.
  7. ^ 'Folkemord i Kurdistan', p.200
  8. ^ 'The 1988 Anfal Campaign', p.3
  9. ^ Folkemord i Kurdistan', p.196.'
  10. ^ 'The Kurds in Iraq', p.26.
  11. ^ Istebrak Khlid Abid, "The Al-Anfal Campaign; Genocide or Politicide?", The Arctic University of Norway, 2019. P.29 ('Genocide or Politicide?')
  12. ^ 'Genocide or Politicide?', p.30
  13. ^ Genocide or Politicide?', p.30.'
  14. ^ 'The Kurds in Iraq', pp.27-28.
  15. ^ 1 2 'Folkemord I Kurdistan', p.196.
  16. ^ Jones, A., "Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction" (2nd Edition). Routledge, London, 2011. Last paragraph
  17. ^ The Kurds in Iraq', pp.27-28.'
  18. ^ Folkemord I Kurdistan', pp.196-197.'
  19. ^ 'The 1988 Anfal Campaign', p.6.
  20. ^ Middle East Watch, "Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds." Human Rights Watch, New York, 1993. P 130.
  21. ^ 1 2 'Genocide or Politicide', p.33.
  22. ^ 'Folkemord I Kurdistan', pp.197-198.
  23. ^ 'Folkemord I Kurdistan', p.198.
  24. ^ 'Folkemord I Kurdistan', pp.198-199.
  25. ^ 'Folkemord I Kurdistan', pp.199-200.
  26. ^ 'Folkemord I Kurdistan', pp.194-195.
  27. ^ Testimony of Dr Christine M. Gosden before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism and the Government, and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 22 April 1998, available at : www.senate.gov/~judiciary/oldsite/gosden.htm
  28. ^ Saeedpour, V. B. (1992). "Establishing State Motives for Genocide: Iraq and thekurds" In H Fein (Ed.), Genocide Watch,New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. p.64 (Establishing State Motives).
  29. ^ Oliver, M, . "Saddam co-defendants deny Anfal genocide". The Guardian, ., 22. August 2006 paragraph 4-6. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/22/iraq.markoliver
  30. ^ Kelly, M. J. "The Tricky Nature of Proving Genocide against Saddam Hussein before the Iraqi Special Tribuna",. Cornell International Law Journal, 38(3), 2005, p.1008 Retrieved from: < https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1664&context=cilj >
  31. ^ 'Establishing State Motives', p.69
  32. ^ The Original, "Norwegian Government Recognizes Saddam Hussein's Genocide", 21 November 2013. Available At: < https://web.archive.org/web/20161009113552/http://uk.gov.krd/articles/detail.aspx?lngnr=12&anr=36740 >
  33. ^ The Original, " British Parliament Unanimously Recognizes Kurdish Genocide", 1 March 2013. Available At: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102804/http://cabinet.gov.krd/a/d.aspx?l=12&a=46796 >>
  34. ^ The Original, "South Korea Recognizes Kurdish Genocide", 31 August 2013. Available At: https://archive.today/20150426233519/http://www.peyamner.com/english/PNA ><news.aspx?ID=31443
  35. ^ The Kurds in Iraq', pp.32-33.'
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