?? ??'?????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
?? ??'?????
Lech Aleksander Kaczy?ski
דיוקן קצ'ינסקי בנשיאותו, 2006.
????? ??'????? ????????, 2006 .
????? ??'????? ????????, 2006 .
???? 18 ????? 1949
????? פולין ???? , ?????
???? 10 ?????? 2010 (???? 60)
????? רוסיה ??????? , ?????
????? ?????
???? ????? ????? פולין ?????? ????? , ?????
????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????
????? ????? ( 2010 ? 2006 ) ,
??? ???? (2006? 2001 ) ,
????? ?????? ????????? ( 2001 ? 1997 ) ,
???? ????? (1997? 1991 ) ,
????????? (??? 1991 )
?? ??? ???? ??'????? ( 2010 ? 1942 )
????? ??'?????
?? ??????? ??'?????
?? ??????? ??'?????
?????? ???? ??'?????
???? ?????? 1 עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
www .president .pl /en /
???? ????? ??3
? ???????? ???????
22 ?????? 2005 ? 10 ?????? 2010
(4 ????)
????? ??????
  • ???? ???? ???? ???? ( 2005 )
  • ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ( 2007 )
  • ???? ??? ???? ( 2007 )
  • ???? ????? ????? ( 2009 )
  • ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ( 2007 )
  • ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ( 25 ???? 2008 )
  • Medal for Merit to the Justice System - Bene Merentibus Iustitiae ( 2010 )
  • Semper Fidelis Cross ( 2011 )
  • ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ( 2010 )
  • ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ( 21 ??????? 2009 , ?????? ?????????' , ???? ??????? )
  • ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ( 2008 )
  • ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ( 2007 )
  • ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ( 2005 )
  • ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ( 2009 )
  • ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ( 2010 )
  • ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ( 2009 )
  • ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ( 2009 )
  • ???? ????? ???????? ?????, ???? 1 ( 2007 )
  • ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ( 2008 )
  • Custodian of National Remembrance ( 2017 )
  • ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

???? ??????? ????'?????? (? ?????? : Lech Aleksander Kaczy?ski ;‏ 18 ????? 1949 , ???? , ????????? ?????? ??????? ? 10 ?????? 2010 , ??????? , ??????? ?????? ) ??? ???? ????? ??? 23 ?????? 2005 ?? ???? ? ??????? ???? .

???? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??'????? . ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? . ????? ??'????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ??????? . ??'????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? . ??????? ? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ?- 1989 , ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? , ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? . ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??'????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? (????? ? ???? ?????? ), ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ????.

??? 2006 ?- 2007 ?????? ??????? ??'????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? (?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ) ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? 2008 ??? ??'????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? [1] . ??'????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? [2] , ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? [3] , ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? [4] .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ??'????? ???? "?????? ????? ?? ????" ???? 1962. (?????: ??)

??'????? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ???? 1949 . ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ; ???? ??????? ??'????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??'????? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ???? . ???? ????? ? ??? ???? . ??? ???????, ????? ??'????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? . ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??????' . ????? ???? ??? ?? ??'????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????? , ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????-????? ? ??? ?-17 [5] .

?- 1961 , ?????? ??? 12, ????? ??'????? ????? ????? ???? "?????? ???? ????? ?? ????" (???????: O dwoch takich, co ukradli ksi??yc ), ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? . ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?-70 ????? ?????? [5] .

?? ??'????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? "???? ???". ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? , ?? ????? ????? ????? ?' ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?-39 ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????. "????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????-?????" - ??? ???? ???? ???? ????.

???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ???? . ???? 1971 ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????. ???? 1980 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? . ?????? ???????? ???, ?????? "???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????", ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? [6] . ???? 1990 ???? ????????? (????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????) ????? ???? ?????? . ?? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???'????? ??????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? "?????????" [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???????, ? ???? ?-70 , ??? ??'????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????-?????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??'????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?- 1976 ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? [7] . ???? 1977 ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ???, ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????. ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????.

??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? "???? ????" (Robotnik Wybrze?a) ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? "?????" (Robotnik). ??????? 1980 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????-?????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? " ????????? " ???? ??????. ??'????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????.

??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????-???????. ?-17 ??????? 1980 ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? , ?????? ??'????? ????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????. ????? 1981 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????). ????? ????? 1981, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????-???????.

???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? "?????????" ??????, ????? ???? ?-80 , ???? ??'????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? 1989 ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? "?????????", ???? ???? ??????? (??? ???? ??'????? ?????), ????? ???? ????? .

?????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ????? ???? 1989 ???? ??'????? ? ?????? , ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? "?????????". ??????? ??????? ???? 1991 ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? (???????: Porozumienie Obywatelskie Centrum), ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? (Porozumienie Centrum) ?????? ??? ????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????? 1990, ????? ??'????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ??'????? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? 1992 , ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.

??'????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? 1992 ??? ??? 1995 . ??'????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?-1995 ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? [8] . ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? , ??????? ??????????? . ??? ???? ? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? 2000 ????? 2001 . ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? .

??? ?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 2002 ???? ? ??? ?????? ???? , ????? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????, ???????? ????? 2004, ??? ??? ???? ?-60 ? ??? . ???? 2004 ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (?? ?? ?????? ?-85% ????? ????? ???? ????), ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? . ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? 45.3 ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ???????? . ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??.

????? 2004 ?- 2005 ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? "???? ???? ??????????? ". ?-2005 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? [9] , ???? ??'????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? "???? ????????? [10] ". ???? ????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ?"????? ????????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? [11] ". ???? 2007 ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ??'?????, ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ???? 11 ? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? , ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? , ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? 2005‏ [12] .

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??'????? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????????? ????? 65 ???? ? ??? ??? ???? .
??'????? ??????? ????
???? ????? ??'????? (?????) ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??'??? , ????? ????? , ?????? 2007, ?????? ???? ?'??? ??????, ? ????? ?????? , ????.

?-19 ???? 2005 ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???? ???. ??????? ??????? ??????? 2005, ?????? "??? ????" (PiS) ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??'????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??'????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????, ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? [13] . ??'????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????. "????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????", ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. "???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? [14] ". ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? , ????? ??????? ?- 23 ?????? 2005, ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? , ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????.

?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ??'????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ??????? ???????? (LPR) ?' ???????? ' (????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????). ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??'????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? (CBA). ???? ????? ?? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ?.?.?. . ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ?-CBA ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??'????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? - ???? ???? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????????.

?? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???, ????? ?-PiS ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ???????? 2007 ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.

????? ??????? ???? ????? ??'????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? . ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? . ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? [15] . ??? ?????? ????? ?????? , ???? 2008 , ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? .

???? 2008 ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? [16] . ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??'????? ?????? ????? ????-????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? . ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??'????? ?????? ???? ?????: "???????? ???? ????? ??? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? [17] ".

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????

?- 10 ?????? 2010 ????? ???? ? ?????? Tu-154 ??? ?? ??? ????? , ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? , ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? 70 ??? ? ??? ??? ????? . ???????? ????? ????? 96 ??? ???, ??? ??'????? ??????? [18] . ???? 10:56 ( ???? ??? ?????? ) ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????- ??????? . ????? ???, ????? ???? ???????? ??'?????, ????"? ??? ????? , ???? ??? ??? , ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ??"? ? ???? , ???? ???? (??? ??????? ??????? ), ????, ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????' , ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????.

???? ??? ?????? ?????? , ?????? Tu-154 , ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??'?????
?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?-10 ?????? 2010.

????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? , ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????.

???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? , ?????? ????? , ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????-??????? . ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? , ??????? ????? . ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?"???? ???? ???????" ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????.

????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????: ???? ???, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????. ?? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ??????? ???? ?-12 ??????. ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? 20 ???, ??? ??? ???? .

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ???. ???????? 2012 ????? ?????? ????? ?? TNT ? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? 2020 ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? 2009. ????? ????? ??? ???? ??.

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?????? [19] .

?? ??'?????, ??? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ????? ??'????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??'????? ? ?????? ????? . ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???'????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? .

?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ????, ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??"? ?????? ????? 100% ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????. ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??'????? ?????? PiS ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??'?????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ?????, ??????? 2018 , ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??'????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??'????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????-?????? ???. ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? PiS, ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? . ?? ??'????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?-80, ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??'????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??'????? ( 1942 ? 2010 ). ???? ?? ???, ???? (????? ?- 1980 ), ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????. ???? ??'????? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ????? [20] .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????????
ויקיציטוט ??????? ???????????: ?? ??'?????
ויקישיתוף ?????? ????? ???????????: ?? ??'?????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? , ???? ynet , 21 ?????? 2008
  2. ^ ??? ??????, ????, ????: ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? , ???? ynet , 26 ????? 2007
  3. ^ ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? , ???? ynet , 10 ???????? 2007
  4. ^ ???? ?????: ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? , ???? ynet , 8 ???? 2008
  5. ^ 1 2 Biography ? Lech Kaczy?ski , www.lechkaczynski.org
  6. ^ Lech Kaczynski - President of the Republic of Poland
  7. ^ Biography of Poland's Lech Kaczynski - CNN.com , www.cnn.com (???????)
  8. ^ Telewizja Polska S.A, Analysis: the significance of President Lech Kaczy?ski , tvpworld.com (???????)
  9. ^ Gay marchers ignore ban in Warsaw ???? BBC ,‏ 11/6/05
  10. ^ Anti-gay Warsaw Mayor, Lech Kaczynski, wins Polish Presidential election ???? pinknew.uk,‏ 26 ???????? 2005
  11. ^ ???? ?????: ???? ???????? ??????? ????? , ???? ynet , 22 ??????? 2007
  12. ^ Polish gay activists win human rights case
  13. ^ Polish president Lech Kaczynski (1949?2010)?from Solidarity advisor to right-wing politician , World Socialist Web Site (???????)
  14. ^ Twitter, Instagram, Email, Facebook, Poland President Kaczynski was a battler , Los Angeles Times, ‏2010-04-11 (??????? ????????)
  15. ^ Government portal :: New Polish President Lech Kaczynski says Ukraine is Poland's strategic partner , old.kmu.gov.ua
  16. ^ Polish president, in historic first, visits Warsaw synagogue for Hanukkah celebration
  17. ^ אתר למנויים בלבד ???? ???? , ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? , ???? ???? , 4 ??????? 2018
  18. ^ ???? ???? ????????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ??'????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? , 10 ?????? 2010
  19. ^ A. B. C. News, Polish President's Mother Finally Told of Fatal Crash , ABC News (???????)
  20. ^ ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? http://www.president.pl/en/president/biography/


????? ?????
???????? ????? (1918?1939) ???? ????????? ? ?????? ????????' ? ???'?? ???? (?????) ? ??????? ????'?????? ? ???'?? ???? (?????) ? ?????? ????'????
?????? ??????? ????? (1939?1990) ??????? ????????'  ? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??'????? ? ??????? ??? ? ????? ??????????
????????? ?????? ?? ????? (1944?1989) ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????'???? ? ???? ????????' ? ????? ???????? ? ????'? ????????
???????? ????? (1990?????) ????'? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ? ?? ??'????? ? ???????? ?????????? (?????) ? ????? ???????' (?????) ? ??'???' ?????? (?????) ? ???????? ?????????? ? ????'?? ????
????? ???? " https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??_??%27?????&oldid=38742481 "