????? ???????????
(?
??????
:
Israel Zangwill
;
21 ??????
1864
?
1 ???????
1926
) ???
????
?????-?????
?????
?????
. ????? ??????
??????????????? ???????
.
????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? (???) ???? ???? ??????
?????'???
??????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
???? ???? ???????
????????
???????, ?????? ?? ??? ?
???????? ??????
.
[1]
??? ????? ??????.
??????? ??? ?????
??????'
?
???????
. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????
???? ???
. ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? JFS (Jews' Free School), ?? ??? ????????
????
.
??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????, ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????.
???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?
?????????? ??????
????? ?-
1884
???? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?-JFS.
????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????'??, ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????.
???? ???? ?-80 ????
????? ??? ?????
????? ??????? ??????? ??. ?? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ?????. ?????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? "
??????
" ?"
???? ?????
" ???????.
????
???? ???????
(
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)
????? ????? ??????
?????'?????
, ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
?????? ?????? ???????
(
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)
????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?
?????'?????
?????? ?'????
(
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)
. ??? ??? ?-1883, ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ?
?????????
?
?????? ???????????
????????,
???'? ???????
(
??'
)
. ????? ?-
1945
, ???? 70.
??? ????, ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????
????? ?????? ?????
??? ???? ?????? ??????
???? ?????
. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?"???? ???????" ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????:
??? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??, ??? ???????. ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???. ?? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???.
[2]
???,
?????? ???????
(
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)
???
????????
????? ????.
???? ????? ?? ???????,
???? ???????
(
??'
)
(1869?1938), ??? ???? ?????.
???? ????? ???
?'??? ?. ?'???
?
?. ?'. ????
.
??????? ???? ?-1 ?????? 1926 ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??
???? ?????
, ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???
???? ?????
?? ???.
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????? ????
[3]
???????
1895
???
?????? ??? ????
??? ?? ??????? (???????
??????
- ???? ??????) ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????-????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?
???????
.
[4]
??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???
?????? ????????
, ???
????? ???????
????
????
- ??? ????? ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?-24 ??????? 1895.
[5]
????? 1897 ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? "??????", ????? ???? ?????.
[6]
??????, ??? ??
??? ??????
??? ?????? ?"
????
" - ?????? ??
?? ?????
.
[7]
????? 1903 ???? ??????? ?
????
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??, ????? ?
?????? ?? ????
.
[8]
"???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????, ??-??-?? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????, ???? ?? ????: ‘?? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????’"
[9]
???? ?
??????? ??????
?????? ??? ??
?????? ??????
, ??? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? 1905 ????? ??
?????? ???????????
- The Jewish Teritorial Organization (?????? JTO, ??"??, ??"?, ??"?), ?????
?????????
-
??? ????? ??? ??????
??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?
??? ?????
.
[10]
????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????.
[11]
???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??'???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.
[12]
??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????
[13]
??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????
????? ????
(?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???).
????? 1905 ??? ?????? ??? ??????? - ????? ???????
(
??'
)
, ????? ????? ????"? ?? ???? ?
??????
, ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?
????
?? ?????? ????? ????????.
??????? 1906 ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????
????????
?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? -
????? ?????
?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????.
[12]
???? 1911, ???? ??????? ???-???? ?? ?????
???????
???? ???????? ?????? ?
????????
, ?????? ?? ?????
?????????
????? ???? 1912 ?? ????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?
???? ?????????
, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?
?????????
. ??? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????.
[14]
[12]
?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? "??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ???", ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??
?????????? ??????
???? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
???? ?-19
.
[15]
??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????
?????? ???????????
. ????? 1914 ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????: ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? '????? ???????', ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????, ???? ??? "30-40 ???" ???? ???? ?"?????" ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????, ????? "?????? ????????" ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.
[16]
??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????, ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ????????????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????.
[9]
?? ???
????? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ???????? ???????, ??????
??? ????
???? ?? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???: "?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ???, ??? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ??????".
[17]
?????, ??? ?-1916 ??????? ???? ???-????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???????, ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????, "?????? ?? ??????? ?????", ???, "??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????". ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?'????????, ????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????-??????, ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?
????-???
?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????.
[18]
?????, ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ?
?'????????
????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????
???? ????
???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?
?????????
"???? ???? ?????? ?????", ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? 1918, ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ?????. ????? ?"
?'???? ???????
" (25 ?????? 1918) ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??
?'????????
, ??? ???, ??? ????: "??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????, ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???... ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???
?'????????
, ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????...". ???? ????? -
?????? ??????
, ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?'???????? ?????? ???????? ???: "... ???, ?? ??? ???? ????? ??'?????' ?????? ??'????????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????" ??????: "?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?'????????, ?? ???? ????? ????????, ??????? ?? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????".
?-1917 ???? ??????? ?? ????
"?????? ???? ?????"
, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????, "???? ??????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ???????????", ??? ???? ???? "????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????", ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????.
[19]
???? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????.
[17]
?????? ??? 1920, ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ???:
”???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ????????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??
????
???
???????
, ??
?'????????
????? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ??????
???? ?????????
???? ??????? ??????? '??? ???? ??? ?????'”
.
[11]
???? ??'???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? 1920, ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????, ???: "?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?'???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????". ?-1923 ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? "???? ?? ????" ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ("???? ????? ??? ????? ?????").
[11]
- ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ???? ?????
????
-
??? ???????
, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???: "???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ???" ?????? ????? ?? ??????: "
????
,
??????
???????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????
????? ?????
, ???? ????? ?????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????".
[20]
- ?????? ??
??????
?
?????
???? 14 ?????? 1931 (?' ???? ???"?), ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? "??? ??????? ???? ???????", ?????? ??????? ??????.
[21]
?? ????
????? ?? ????
?-
???? ????????
????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.
[22]
- ???? ????, ???? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? - ????.
- ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????
?????? ??????
.
????????, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?
???
??
??????
, ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?
????
, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????.
???? "
???? ????
" (??? ??? ?-
1892
) ???? ?? ????? ??? ?
???
????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????. ????? "
????? ????
" ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????.
?????? ??? ??? "???? ??" ???? ???? (1899) ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
????
?? ?? ????? ??
????? ????? ??
????? ????? ????? ??????? ???
???? ??????
?????? ?????.
???? ????
???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? "??????" ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ??????? ?? ????, "????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????, ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ????, ?'?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????, ?????? ? ??? ?????'. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????, ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ???, ??? ?????? ????????????? ?? ?? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????".
[23]
- ??? ??????
(???? ?-
1909
) ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?
??????
?
??????
. ????? ????? ?????: "?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????... ?????? ???????, ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? - ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????! ?????? ???? ?? ?????????"
[24]
- ??? ????????
[25]
, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????-??????
???? ?????
, ???: "Le Roi des Schnorrers"
- ?? ??????
[26]
???? ???? ??? ?-1911 ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????.
[27]
- ????? ?????
: ?????? ???????; ?????:
?. ?. ?????
; ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ????
?. ???????
, ????:
?????
, ???"?-??"?-1899, ???"?.
[28]
- ??? ???????
: ?????; ?????:
?"? ?????
, ????????: ?????, ??"?.
- ???? ????????
; ?????:
??? ?????????
, ????? ????? ? ???????: ????
??????
, ????? ??????? [=???"?] 1902.
- ????? ?????? ???? ????
(????? ??????? ??????
?????? ????
), ??????:
?’ ???????
?
?"? ??????
, ??? ???"? ????? [???"??] 1903.
- ????-???????
; ???? ???????:
?"? ???????
, ??? ????: ????? ?????, 1918.
- ???? ????????
: ?????; ?????:
?"?
[=??? ????????], ?? ????: ????????, ???"? 1927.
- ???? ????
: ???????; ????? ?? ??? ?’ ??????, ?? ????:
????? ??????
, 1939, 1949; ???"?-1959.
- ????? ??????
; ???? ???????:
????? ??????
, ?? ????:
????? ????
, ???"?;
?' ?????
, ??"? 1946. (
???? ???
,
?????? ??????
,
???? ???????
,
????? ??? ?? ???
,
????"?
,
??????? ???
)
- ????? ?????
; ???? ???????: ????? ??????, ?? ????: ?' ?????, ??"? 1946.
- ???? ?????
; ???:
???? ??????
, ?? ?? ???????? ??
?'[???] ??????
?
?'[???] ?????
, ?? ????:
??????
, ???"? 1974.
- ???? ???????: ??????, ?????? ???????:
???:
?. ??????
, ?????:
?' ?????
, ?"? ???????, ?? ????: ????? ??????, 1938.
- ??????? ?????????????
(???), ??????
??? ??????
, ?
?????? ??-?????
- ????? ????
(????:
?. ??????
),
????
, 27 ????? 1956 (?. ??????, ????? ?????? ?"?????? ????",
????
, 27 ????? 1956)
- ??? ????
, ?????? ?? ???????,
??? ?????
, 13, (2005), ??' 133?145.
- ???? ?????, ????? ???????: ???? ?? ??? ????????,
????
, 79, ??, ??"?, ??' 13-16; 79, ??: ??' 22?23.
- ???? ??????-??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?????: ????? ????? ?"????? ???????",
??????? ?????? ????? ??????
, 11, ?-2, ???"?, ??' 171?177.
- ???? ??????-??????, ????? ???????, ???-????? ?????? ??????,
????? ?????
, 8, (????), ??' 153?176.
- ???? ????
, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????,
?????
, ?, (????), ??' 209?216.
- ??? ??????
,
????? ?????: ???????? ??????????????? ??????? (??"?) ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? 1925-1905
,
???? ??-?????? ???? ????? ????????
?????? ???? ??????
, ???"? (2011).
- Andre Spire
,
Israel Zangwill
, Paris: Cahiers de la Quinzaine, 1909.
(???????)
- Joseph Leftwich
,
Israel Zangwill
, London: J. Clarke; New York: T. Yoseloff, 1957.
- Maurice Wohlgelernter,
Israel Zangwill: A study
, New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.
[29]
- Joseph H. Udelson,
Dreamer of the Ghetto: The Life and Works of Israel Zangwill
, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press (
Judaic studies series
), 1990.
- Meri-Jane Rochelson,
A Jew in the Public Arena: The Career of Israel Zangwill
, Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 2008.
- ???? ????? ???????
?
?????? ??-?????
- ???? ?????: ???? ?????: ??? ?????
,
?????
?.?. ?????
,
??????
, 1901. ????? ?? ???? ????
??????? ???????
.
- ???? ??
????? ??????
??????
??????? ???????
- ????? ???????
???? WorldCat Identities
- ????? ???????
, ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????
- ??-???? ????????
,
???? ?' ????? ????????
,
??? ????? ???????
, ???"?-???"?, ??? ?, ???? 15, ????
?????????
- ????? ???????
, ??????
??????? ?????? ??????
????????
- ?. ??-????,
???? ???...
,
???? ????
, 31 ???????? 1923
- ?. ?????
,
????? ?????? (????? ?????)
,
???? ????
, 14 ???? 1924
- ??? ???????
,
????? ???????,
, ?
?????? ??-?????
- ????? ??????
,
???
, 2 ??????? 1926
- ????? ??????
,
???? ????
, 6 ??????? 1926
- ???? ??? ????,
?? ?????? (????)
,
???? ????
, 6 ??????? 1926
- ??"?
,
????? ?????? ????????
,
???? ????
, 6 ??????? 1926
- ?. ?????
,
????? ?????? (???????)
,
???? ????
, 8 ??????? 1926
- ??"?
,
????????? ?? ????? ??????
,
???? ????
, 15 ??????? 1926
- ?? ?? ???,
????? ?????? (????? ????? ?????)
,
???? ????
, 29 ??????? 1928
- ????? ??????
,
"????? ???"
,
???
, 1 ???? 1936
- ????? ??????????,
????? ?????? (?????? ???????)
,
????
, 27 ????? 1956
- ???? ???????
,
????? ??????
,
??????
, 20 ??????? 1926
- ?"?
???? ????
,
????? ?????? (30 ??? ?????)
,
???
, 12 ???????? 1956,
????
, 2 ??????? 1956
- ?. ????
,
??????? ??????? ???? (??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?. ????????
,
???
, 22 ??????? 1957,
????
- ????? ?????: ???????? ?? "???? ?????": ????????? ?? ????? ???????
,
?????
, 1 ?????? 1965
- ????? ??????
,
?????? ?? ???? ????: ?? ???? ?? ????????
,
???
, 5 ??????? 1980
- ???? ?????,
?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????, "??? ??????"
, ????
????
, 30 ?????? 2006
- ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????
, ????
??????? ?????? ??????
, ????? 2019
- ????? ???????
, ????
??????????? ????????
(???????)
- ???? ????? ???????
?
?????? ???????
(???????)
- ????? ?????? (1864-1926)
, ?? ??? ?
?????? ???????
- Political Zionism is Dead, Zangwill Tells Congress Zangwill Speaks to Congress Not for Congress, Rab
(?????? ???? ????)
,
JTA
, October 15, 1923
- Zangwill Defends His Views
,
JTA
, October 24, 1923
- Zangwill Explains His Intermarriage
,
JTA
, January 29, 1924
- MR. ISRAEL ZANGWILL : Novelist, Dramatist, and Jewish Statesman
,
The Manchester Guardian
, August 2, 1926, zbw.eu
- Funeral of I. Zangwill Attended by Thousands; Rabbi Wise Officiates
,
JTA
, August 6, 1926
- Zangwill
,
The Literary Digest
, August 21, 1926, p. 33
- Harry Schneiderman
,
Israel Zangwill: A Biographical Sketch
,
American Jewish Year Book
1927-8, 121-143,
American Jewish Committee
Archives
???? ???:
- ^
????????? ?? ????? ???????
- ^
???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? - ??? ?', ?? ???? ?????? ??????, 1970, ??' 203
- ^
Israel Zangwill (1864-1926) - Find a Grave...
, www.findagrave.com
(???????)
- ^
??????? ????,
????? ??????? ? ???? ???? (1895 ? 1898)
, ???? ??????, ???????, ????? ?????? ???????, 1997, ??' 257-258
- ^
????? ???, ??? ????? ????,
????? ?????? ???????: ??????? ??? ????? ??? - ??? ?: ?????? ?? ???? 1895?1904
, ???? benyehuda.org
- ^
????? ??????? ????????
,
????
, 30 ?????? 1897
- ^
???? ????????,
????????: ???? ?????? (??? ?"? - ????? ???")
, ???? benyehuda.org
- ^
???? ??? ???????,
?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? - ??? ?' /
, ???? benyehuda.org - ?????? ????????
- ^
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???? ????? - ??? ????: ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? - ??? ????? ??? / ???? ????? / ??? ??? -
, ???? benyehuda.org = ?????? ????????
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???? ????? - ??? ????: ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? - ??? ????
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??? ????? ???????,
??????? ??'????????
, ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????, 2018-08-09
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????? ???, ??? ????? ????,
????? ?????? ???????: ??????? ??? ????? ??? (??? ?')
, ???? benyehuda.org - ?????? ????????
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???? ?????. ????? ??????? ?"? ??? ???,
???? ????? - ??? ????: ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? - ??? ????? / ???? ????? / ??? ??? -
, ???? benyehuda.org = ?????? ????????
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??? ?'????????,
??????? ????? ? ??? ??? (???: "???? ??????")
, ???? benyehuda.org
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Diana Muir, A Land without a People for a People without a Land,
Middle East Quarterly
, spring 2008, pp. 55-62
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???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? - ??? ?', ?? ????, ?????? ??????, 1970, ??' 275-277
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????, ??? ???? - ??? ?', ??' 279.
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???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? - ??? ?', ?? ????, ?????? ??????, 1970, ??' 237, 250, 256.
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???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? - ??? ?', ?? ????, ?????? ??????, 1970, ??' 270, 223.
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??? ???????,
????? ??????
, ???? benyehuda.org ?????? ?? ?????, “????”, ?“? ?? ???”? 2.8.26
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????? ? ??? ????? ???"? / ???? ???? ?????? - ?????? ????????
, ???? benyehuda.org
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??? ?? ???? ??' 133
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???? ????,
??? ???? ?? ??? ??????
, ?? ????: ?????? ??????, 1968, ??' 213
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????? ????? ?? Gary Gerstle:
American Crucible; Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century ???? 55
???? ?-2001 ??????: Princeton University Press, ?????? ??: Haim Kenig
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????? ???????, Le-Roi-des-Schnorrers
babelio.com/livres/Zangwill-Le-Roi-des-Schnorrers
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?? ??????
, ???? ????????
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????, ??? ???? - ??? ?', ??' 204
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?. ???????,
???? ??????: ?????????? ?????
,
?????
, 15 ??????? 1898.
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????? ????:
??? ?????: ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
,
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, ??? 2, 26 ???? 1965.