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渤海
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???	77,000 ??????? ????
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??? ????	Luan River , Jiaolai , Weihe , Xiaoling River , Hai River , Bailang He , Daling River , Mihe , ???? ????? , Xiaoqing River , ????? ?? 2 ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
?????? ???? ??????	????????? ?????? ?? ???
???????????	38°42′N 119°54′E / 38.7°N 119.9°E
	(???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????) ????'??? ??????? ?'????'??? ???'? ???? ???? ?'???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????'? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???. ?. ??. ???? ???? ?. ??. ?????? ???. ??. ??. ??. ?.? ?.? ??? ?? ?????

?? ????? ^[1] (? ???????? ????? : 渤海 ; ? ???-??? : Boh?i , ??????? "?? ????") ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? 78,000 ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? . ???? ?????? ???????-?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ????? .

?? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? : ???????? (? ????-???? ??? ), ???? ? ????? ??????? ?????'?? (? ???? ??? ) ? ??????? (? ???? ??? ), ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? , ?????? ? ????'??? , ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????.

?? ????? ???? ?-20 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?"???? ??'?-???" (直?海灣, ????-???: Zhili H?iw?n) ?? "???? ???????'?-???" (北直?海灣, ????-???: B?izhili H?iw?n). ?????? ?'?-?? ?????'? ?? (???? ?'?-??) ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????'???.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????: ???? ????'??? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ?????. ? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? (???? ????? ?????) ???????? , ???? , ????? ??????? ?????'?? ? ??????? .

?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? , ?????'??? , ??? , ???? , ??? , ?????? , ????????, ???? ? ?????? .

?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ??? ????? (??? ???? ???? ?????? ????). ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?'?????? (?山列?, ????-???: Zh?ng sh?n lied?o), ?'????? (???, ????-???: Jue hua d?o), ?? ???'?? (?架山, ????-???: B?jia sh?n), ?'??????? (???, ???? ???:Zh?ngxing d?o), ???'??? (西中?, ???? ???: X? zh?ng d?o), ??? ???? ???????? ????????? (???, ????-???: M?y? d?o), ??? ?'?? (猪?, ????-???: Zh? d?o) ???? ???? (蛇?, ????-???: She d?o).

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?'?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??'?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? , ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? . ??? ????? ???? ????? ????'???, ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?-210 ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? , "??? ?????" (渤海海?, ????-???: Boh?i h?ixia) ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?'??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? "???? ?????????-?????" (老?山水道, ????-???: L?o ti? sh?n shu?dao).

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ?-100 ?????? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???'??????????? ???????????????:

??? ???????? (?口港, ????-???: Yingk?u gang)
??? ?'???????????? (秦皇?港, ????-???: Qinhuangd?o gang)
??? ?'??????? (京唐港, ????-???: J?ngtang gang)
??? ??????? (唐山港, ????-???: Tangsh?n gang)
??? ??????? ?????????? (曹妃甸港, ????-???: Caof?idi?n gang)
??? ?????'?? (天津港, ????-???: Ti?nj?n gang)
??? ?????????? (??港, ????-???: Huanghua gang)
??? ???????? (?口港, ????-???: Longk?u g?ng)

???? ???????? ????? 70 ?????? ??? ?????? ?-2013, ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? 100 ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? (大連港, ????-???: Dalian g?ng) ? ??? ????? (烟台港, ????-???: Y?ntai g?ng) ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???.

????? ??? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????????, ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???. ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? (??? ???? ???? ?????? ????), ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ???????? . ^[2] ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? (???? China National Offshore Oil Corporation ????? ???? ???? ??), ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????, ????? ConocoPhilips ,‏ ^[3] Roc Oil‏, ^[4] ??????.

??? ??????? ????? ???? ??'????????? ????? ?-1968 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? 1963?1964. ????? ???? ? ?????? ???????????? ( ????? ) ????????????????'? ( ?????? ) ???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????????'???? 1?36 ????? ?-1987. ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? . ^[5]

?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?-2011. ^[6]

????? ??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? 2013 ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? , ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? . ???? ?????? ???????? 123 ?????????, ?????? 90 ????????? ?????? ??-???? ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???-???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???-???? ??????? ????? ???????: ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????. ^[7] ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? (???? ??? 8 ?-10 ????) ????? ????. ???? ?-2020 ???????, ???? ????? ????? ?-15 ????, ?????? ?????? ?-44 ??????? ????, ??? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???. ^[8]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??????????

Unep Reports ? Regional Definition: Bohai Sea
?? ????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ???? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? "???? ?????" (Bohai Gulf), ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? "???? ?????" (Bohai Bay). ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ?? Gulf ??? Bay ???????? ?"????", ??? Gulf ???? ???? ???? ????, ????? ???? ?????? (Gulf of Mexico) ?-Bay ???? ???? ???, ????? ???? ???? (Haifa Bay).
^ China. Background . US Energy Information Administration
^ China. Key facts . conocophillips.com
^ Roc Oil begins Bohai Bay oil production
^ Gustavson, J.B., and Gang, X.S., 1992, The Suizhong 36-1 Oil Field, Bohai Gulf, Offshore China, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978-1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
^ China: Third Oil Spill in Bohai Sea in Less than Two Months . Offshore Energy Today (12 July 2011).
^ Minnie Chan, Plan to build world's longest undersea tunnel from Dalian to Yantai
^ Should China Build the World’s Longest Undersea Tunnel?

[1] ???? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? "???? ?????" (Bohai Gulf), ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? "???? ?????" (Bohai Bay). ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ?? Gulf ??? Bay ???????? ?"????", ??? Gulf ???? ???? ???? ????, ????? ???? ?????? (Gulf of Mexico) ?-Bay ???? ???? ???, ????? ???? ???? (Haifa Bay).

[2] China. Background . US Energy Information Administration

[3] China. Key facts . conocophillips.com

[4] Roc Oil begins Bohai Bay oil production

[5] Gustavson, J.B., and Gang, X.S., 1992, The Suizhong 36-1 Oil Field, Bohai Gulf, Offshore China, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978-1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists

[6] China: Third Oil Spill in Bohai Sea in Less than Two Months . Offshore Energy Today (12 July 2011).

[7] Minnie Chan, Plan to build world's longest undersea tunnel from Dalian to Yantai

[8] Should China Build the World’s Longest Undersea Tunnel?

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