???? ????? ?????????? ???????
??? ?????? ??????????? ????
????? ?????
?
???? ???????
????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? (
1922
-
1991
). ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ?
????? ????
??????? ?????
1945
?1991.
?? ????
????? ??????
?????? ????
1917
,
????? ?????
?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?
???????
. ??
1933
????????? ?? ????? ?
???? ???????
, ?? ?????
????? ????? ??????
??? ??????? ??? ?
????? ????
?????? ???
?????? ??????
. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????
?????? ????
. ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???
???? ?-20
.
????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?-
1932
????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????
1934
????? ????? ????? ??.
??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????
??? ????? ???? ??
???? ?????
, ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?
??? ?????
?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??
???????
, ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ????
??????
???????? 1939, ???? ???? ????
????? ????? ??????
, ????
???? ????????????????
????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????.
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????,
?????? ?????? ????'????
?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?
???? ?????? ?????
?
?????????
??????
?'???? ??? ??
. ?????? ??????
?????? ????
???????, ????? ????? ???? ????????
????-????
?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? (????? ??
????? ????????
?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????). ?????
???? ???????
????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
????? ??????
??????? 1941.
??????
1941
, ????
?????? ?? ??? ??????
, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?
???? ????????? ????
??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? (???? ???? ???? ??? ?
?????? ???????
). ?????? ????????? ?
??? ???????
????? 1942 ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????.
?????
1942
????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?'??'?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? 1942 ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
???? ????
????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? "???? ?????" ??? ?????? ?????? ???? 1942, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ?'??'?? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?
???? ??????
, ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?"???? ?????" ?
???? ??????
?-1942. ????? ?? ??? ?????, ?
???? ?????
, ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???. ??????
?????? ?? ????
, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?'??'?? ???????? ???????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
??????? 1942 ????
???? ????
???? ??
?????? ????? ??????
?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?
??? ????????
????? 1942/1943 ??
??? ?????
???? 1943. ?
?????? ?????
????? 1943 ????? ????? ????? ??
?????? ????????
??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??????.
?? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??
?????? ????? ???????
-???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??
???? ????????
????? ??????. ?????? ??,
??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????
?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????.
?
?????? ?????
?????? ?????? 1945, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ???. ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????. ????? ???, ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ?? ????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (????,
???? ??????? ???? ?? ???
).
??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
???? ?????
. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ?????,
??????
,
???????
,
?'?????????
, ????????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? "???? ????????". ?'??'?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ?'??'?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? "???? ????". ????? ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????.
???? ????? ??????, ???
????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????
. ???, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?
???? ?????
, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????:
????? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ?????, ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? "???????", ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????.
????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?-
1948
???? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?? ?? ?? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????, ????? ???????? ?????.
???? ?????? ??????, ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ????.
????? ??????? ?
?????? ????
,
???? ?????? ?????
?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?
????????
????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???
??????
,
????
?
?????
??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????-???? ?? ??????? ??'?????????.
????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??
????????
, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??
???????? ?????
. ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?
????????
?
??????? ???????
????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????.
??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???
????? ??????
?
????? ???????
???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???-???????? ???????????? ?????.
?????
1969
?
1980
?????? ?????
?????
??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ????
????? ???? ??????? ?????????
????
1979
?
???? ?? ?????????? ??????
.
????
1981
????? ???????
???? ????? ?????
????? ?????
??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ???????
1985
????? ????? ??
???????? ?????
?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???-???????? ?????? ?????. ??????, ????? ???? ???????
?????? ?????'??
????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (
?????????
?
????????
) ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ??, ?????? ???????? ?????
???????? ??????
?????? ??????? ??????
???? ??????
. ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?
????? ????????? ????? ??????
??? ?
??????? ???? ??????? ????
. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???
????? ?????? ???? ????????
?????? ??????, ?? ???? ??????? ????
?????
?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.