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Tulsa
סמל טלסה
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קו הרקיע של טלסה בלילה
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מפה

????? (? ?????? : Tulsa ; ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ) ??? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? , ??-45 ?????? ? ????? ????? . ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 2020, ???? ???????? 413,066 ?????? [1] . ???? ??? ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? 1,015,331 ?????? [2] . ???? ????? ????? ???? ????, ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????.

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???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 1828 ?- 1836 ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ( ??' ) , ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ?????? ? ????? ????????? ???????? [3] ?????? ??, ???? 2020 , ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? 1.4 ?????? ???, ??? 400,000 ???? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????? (????), ?'???? , ?'????? ( ??' ) , ?'????? ( ??' ) ??????? ( ??' ) ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? [4] .

???? ?? ??? 1921 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?-20, ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? "??? ????? ?????" ????? ??????? ?? ???? ( ??' ) , ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? [5] . ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?"????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????" [6] , ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? [5] . ???? ????? 16 ???? ?????? ?-31 ???? 1921, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? 23 ?????? ?-16 ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? 300 ????? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ?-800 ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??-1,000 ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? 35 ???? ???, ???????? ?-1,256 ??? ??????, ????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?-1.8 ?????? ???? [7] . ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????, ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?-21, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? [8] .

???? ?-20 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-1925, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?"??? ???? 66",[24] ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???'?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? 66 ?? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? " ???? ?????? ?? ???? 66" [9] . ???? ??????, ???? 66 ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????.

????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ??????, ??????, ?????????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [10] . ??? ????????? ( ??' ) , ??????? ?????? ???? 1924 ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? [11] .

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-80 ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? 1982 ( ??' ) , ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???.[27] ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? [12] . ?? 1992, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? [12] .

?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??-??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ??????? ?? ????? - ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???: ?? ?????? ??-?????, ????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? 1898. ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? 1901, ??????? ?? ??????? [13] .

???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? - ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? 2000.

??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ( ??' ) ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??????? 1920 ?? ????? 1921 ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??-?????? ?? [14] .

?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??-??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???, ????? ?-20 ??-30, ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? [15] . ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?'?? ??????'? , ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? [14] .

????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? 1929, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ??? ????? ??-?????? ????? 80 ??? ??? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 66 ( ??' ) , ?????? ???? 2000 ?? ???? ???? ????? ( ??' ) [15] .

??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ???????, ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? [15] .

???? ?-21 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? , ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? [16] . ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????' ????? ???? 1898 ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? [17] . ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? 1907 . ???? 1920 ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? (?????? TU) [18] .

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??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

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??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

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  1. ^ QuickFactsTulsa city, Oklahoma , United State Census Bureau
  2. ^ 2020 Population and Housing State Data , United States Census Bureau. 2020
  3. ^ Lawrence Hurley, U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation , reuters, July 9, 2020
  4. ^ Lawrence Hurley, U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation , Reuters, July 9, 2020
  5. ^ 1 2 Scott Ellsworth, The Tulsa Race Riot , WaybackMachine
  6. ^ Tulsa Race Massacre , Oklahoma Historical Society
  7. ^ Scott Ellsworth, The Tulsa Race Riot , WayBackMachine
  8. ^ Sulzberger, A.G., "As Survivors Dwindle, Tulsa Confronts Past , New York Times
  9. ^ Birthplace of Route 66 , City Dictionary
  10. ^ Everly-Douze, Susan (August 27, 1989). " What's Doing in Tulsa ?". The New York Times .
  11. ^ Tulsa's History , WayBackMachine
  12. ^ 1 2 Oklahoma Oil & Gas Briefing , WayBackMachine
  13. ^ Tulsa’s Historic Underground Tunnels , Discover Tulsa
  14. ^ 1 2 The Unknown Tunnels Running Through Tulsa , Discover Tulsa. ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??.
  15. ^ 1 2 3 Eric Standridge, Downtown Tulsa Underground Tunnels , Wander Wisdom, May 12, 2022
  16. ^ The University of Oklahoma - Tulsa/Schusterman Center , The University of Oklahoma
  17. ^ MUSKOGEE , Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture, ????? 10
  18. ^ History and Tradition , The University of Tulsa
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