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????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? , ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? (1896)

????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? , ?????? ????? ???? ????? . ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? , ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????.

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??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ? ???????????? ????? ????? - ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? , ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ?? ??? ?????

?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?- 8 ??????? 1895 ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? 1901 ?? ?????? ??.

????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????.

???? 1913 ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 1900 ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?"? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? [1] .

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ????, ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (X) ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ??????, ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? , ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? , ?????? ????? - ???????? - ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????.

?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? , ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? (??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ).

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.

  • ??? ?????? - ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????.
  • ???? ????? - ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????.
  • ???? ????? - ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? (???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????). ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????.

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???? E ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, M ??? ???? ????? ? ????-???? (???? ????? ????? ??? ??? 2.5 ?-4 ????????) ?-T ??? ???? ? ???? (????? ??? ???: E=ma min ????? - ????? ???? ???? ???? ???).

?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? (??, ????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ???? ), ???? ???? ???? ????? (???????? ??????? ???????), ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 2 ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ????? ????? ??????

?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? - ????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? (???? ???? ? ???????? ).

?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???:

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  • ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????, ????? ???, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? (??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????).
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  • ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??.

???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? (?????? ???? ???? ??????) ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????; ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???? ???? .

????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? - ?? ?? ??? - ????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? (?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????). ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????:

???? Ug ??? ???? ?????? ???????, F ??? ???? ???? ??????, T ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? (?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????/???? ????), ?- D ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ?-Ug ???? ????. ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? (??? ???????? ??? Ug=0).

????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ???????? ????? ????:

?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? (? ?????? : Densitometer; ? ????? : ?? ?????? ?????) - ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? (???? ??????) ?? ????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ????? 0 ??? ??? ??? 100% ????? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 1.8 ?-2.2, ??????? ????? ??????, ????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? 2. ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? 0.5, ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? 2.5, ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? - ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????.

????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? (???????: Pentrameter; ??????: ?? ??? ?????; ? ???? ????? : ??"?). ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-2% ????? ????, ??? ???? ???. ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????:

  1. ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? - DIN.
  2. ??????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??? ISO ??????? .

??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????, ??????? ??????, ???????? ????? ??????. ?-0 ?? 6, ?-6 ?? 12, ??-12 ?? 16. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? (????? ? ????????? ), ?????? ??? ???????? ?-2% ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.

???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? (??????? ? ????'?? ). ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????: ??? ??? ??? ????? T (????? - 2% ????? ???? ?????), ??? ??? 2T, ?????? ??? 4T (?? ????? ??? ????? ?-2% ???? ???, ??????). ?? ???? ?????? ??? 2% ????? ???? ?????, ????? - T, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? (2%).

?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? (???? ??? ??????, ?????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ????).

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ???????

????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? , ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.

?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? . ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ???????? ?? ??????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? (?? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????).

?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ????, ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? (??????) ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????: ?? ???? ??????, ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? (?? ?? ???) ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????.

?????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? .

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • ?"? 1027, ??? 1 - ?????? ?????????: ????? ??? ?????-??????? ??????.
  • ?"? 1027, ??? 2 - ?????? ?????????: ????? ?????? ????????? - ????? ?????? ??"?.
  • DIN EN 12681:2003 - ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????.
  • ISO 5579:1998 - ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????-????? , ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ????? .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]


???? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????????- ?????? ?? ???? ???? , ???? MRI ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ Lietuvos radiolog? laborant? draugija , ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????