?????? ?????? ??????

????? "??????????" ???? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ?????????? (????? ?????? ???? ????) .

'??? ???? ???? ??????' ? ???? ????? ?????

?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ?-19 . ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

אנתוני בנזט מלמד ילדים שחורים — ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????

?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? , ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ? ???????? , ?????????. ???? 1750 ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? 1775 ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????, "Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage" ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?-19. ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? 17. ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? . ???? 1739 ??? ??? ????. ?-1750 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?'?? ?????, ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??.

???? 1775 ??? ????????? "?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????" ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ???? , ? ???'??? ??? , ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?-1776 ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?-1791 ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ??, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? (?? ??? ?????? ??????) ????? ????? ?????????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???'??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? 1790.

????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? 1785 , ???? 25, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ?????????' . ???? ?????, ??? "??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????", ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????, ^[1] ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? . ???? ???? ???? ??????, ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?'?????? ?????? ???????',????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????, ????? ???? ???? 1786 ??? as An essay on the slavery and commerce of the human species, particularly the African, translated from a Latin Dissertation ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????'. ^[1]

????? ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?'???? ???? ???????? ????, ????????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????. ???? ???? ???? ???, ?-1783, 300 ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-17 . ?? ???, ?????? ???? ?-18 ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1772 , ???? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?'???? ?????? , ????? ???????? ??? ????. ??????, ?'???? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?'????? ????? ? ???? ???? . ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ????.

?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? , ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ^[2], ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? 22 ????? 1772 , ????? ???????: "????? ??-??????? ??????? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????". ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? 10?14 ???? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ) ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????.

???? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?'??? ???? , ??? ??????? ? ??????? , ??? ?? ?????, ?'?? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? 1776 , ?? ???? ??????: ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ???, ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? 1799 , ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ? ????????? .

?'???? ?????'??? ( ??' ) ???? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ?'???'??, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ( ??' ) ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??. ??? ??? ???? ????, ?-1785, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? Clapham Sect, ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????.

?-22 ???? 1787 ??? ??????? "?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????" ( ??' ) ^[1] ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ????? ????????, ??? ?'????? ????'??? . ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????.

???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? , ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[1] ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?-1878 ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ^[1] ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ??? 1787 ?-1794 ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????. ^[1]

?-12 ???? 1789 ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? . ^[1] ???? 1791 ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 161 ??? 88.

??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ?"??? ??????", ????? ?? 12 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? , ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????.

???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????. ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? . ???? 1789 ???? ?? ????????????? ???, "?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ??????? ????, ????????" (The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano). ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????, ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??"???? ????" (??????). ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????.

? ????????' ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? "?????". ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?-1791 ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???. ???????, ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????.

?- 1807 , ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ???????? (????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????) ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ?-1808 ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? .

???? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? : "The History of Mary Prince; A West-Indians Slave", ???? ?- 1831 , ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ?? "????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???, ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ??. ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ???????." ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????.

?-1833 ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? Slavery Abolition Act. ( ??' ) ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????.

?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1807 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 100 ???"? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???. ^[3]

???? 1808 ??? ??? ??????? , ???? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? 1808 ??1860 ?? ???? ?-1,600 ?????? ????? ?????? ?-150,000 ???????? ???? ?? ??????. ^[4] ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? .

?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1810 ?-1814, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ??????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????, ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????.

????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????.

????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?-50 ?????? ????????. ^[5]

????? ?????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? .

?? ??? 1783 ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? . ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ? ????????? , ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ?- 17 ????? 1783, ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? (??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????), ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????. ????? ???, ?"? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????-???????? .

????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????????, ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? 1787 , ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? , ????????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ( ???? ??????? ), ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???. ??? ?? ???? " ??? ????? " ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????-??????-?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.

?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?-18. ????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?'???? ???? , ??????? ???? ? ????? ??????? .

???????, ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?-18 ??????? ???? ?-19, ???? ?????? ????????? , ??????? ????????? , ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? , ??????? ? ?????? .

????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????????, ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????, ? ???????? , ? ????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????.

??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? " ??????? " ? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? , ???? ???? ??? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???. ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? 2006 ??? ??????? " ????? ?? ???? ".

????? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1315 ????? ???? ?????? , ??? ???? , ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? 1799 ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ???? 1802 . ????? ?? ???, ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? 1848 ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????

?????? ?????? ?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ Brycchan Carey , Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846)
^ ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? , ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????
^ 1807 Abolition of Slavery Act", Spartacus Educational.
^ Jo Loosemore, "Sailing against slavery", BBC ? Devon, 24 September 2014.
^ The West African Squadron and slave trade

[Carey-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ Brycchan Carey , Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846)

[2] ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? , ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????

[3] 1807 Abolition of Slavery Act", Spartacus Educational.

[4] Jo Loosemore, "Sailing against slavery", BBC ? Devon, 24 September 2014.

[5] The West African Squadron and slave trade

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]