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????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??-?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?'???"?-1997. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? . ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????, ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????. ???"? ????? ??? ??' ??? ???.

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?????? ???? ?-90 ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????-??????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? , ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??, ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ^[1].

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?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????"? 1997 ^[2] ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????' ???? ????? ^[3]

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????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???: ISO/IEC 17025 , ?? ISO 15189, ?? ISO/IEC 17020 ?? ISO/IEC 17043 ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? "????? ??????" ^[1].

?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ????, ?? ??? , ????? ??????? , ????? ??????, ???? ????? , ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????: ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????????, ????? ?? ?????.

????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???-?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ????????, ????? ?????, ????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?-‏(GLP) ( Good laboratory practice ) . ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? (?- EPA ).

????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?- OECD ?????? ?-GLP. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????.

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?????, ???? ??????, ???? ????, ????????, ????? ???????, ????? ????????? , ????, ?????? ?? ?????? (NDT), ????? ??????? ??-???????, ????, ?????? ??????????, ??????? ( ?????? ??????? , ????? ?????? ??????? ???????).