????? ?? ????
(?
??????
:
Senate of Canada
??
??????
:
Le Senat du Canada
) ??? ?
??? ??????
??
???????
??
????
. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? (??? ??
?????? ??????
?
??? ??????? ?????
).
????? ????? ????? 105 ??????? ??????? ?? ???
????? ????? ?? ????
?? ?? ???? ??
??? ????? ????
. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? 24 ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.
????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? 24 ?????? ??:
??????? ?????? ??:
??????????? ???????
???
????????? ????
:
?????
,
?????????? ????? ???????
?
???????
.
??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 75.
????? ?? ???? ???? ???? "???? ??????" ?? ???????, ?
??? ??????? ?????
???? "???? ??????", ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????.
?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???, ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ???? ??? ?
????? ????
??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ??, ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???.
????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??. ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????
?????
?
?????
, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??.
????? (??? ?? ??? ???????) ??????? ?
???? ??????
???
???? ???????
?
??????
??
???????
.
????? ????? ????? ?????? "???? ?????" ( la
chambre rouge
/ the
red chamber
) ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??. ???? ?
????
????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????
??? ???????
?
?????? ??????
(??????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????
????
????? ?????
??? ??????? ??????
??
????? ?????????
).
????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????.
???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???, ????? ?????????? ?????? (?? ?????, ??? ????? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???).
????? ?? ???? ???? ????
1867
??????
??? ???? ?????? ???????
????? ?? ???
??????? ??????
. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??
?????????? ????
(?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????:
??????
?
???????
) ?? ?
??????????
???? ??????
?
??? ????????
. ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
????????
(?????, ?????? ????? ????? ?
????? ???????
?????? ??? ?
???????? ???????
).
???? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??
???? ?????????
??? ??? ???? ?
??? ??????
????? ?
??? ??????? ??????
???? ????? ? ?????, ????? ???? ???????.
?????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ??????, ????? "????? ?????" ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? (????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??
?'?? ???????
. ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ? ???? ????????? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? (????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????) ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????.
????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
????? ????? ?? ????
???? ?? ?????????. ?? ?? ??????? ???????, ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????
??? ????? ????
. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????
?????? ???????
, ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????.
??? ????? 1965
???? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? 75 (????? ????, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ?? ????????).
???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? (?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????). ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????.
????? ????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????:
??????????? ???????
?????
????????
?????, ????? ?????????? ?? ????
1949
???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????, ??????? ?? ??? 6 ????????. ??? ??,
????????? ????
(
?????
,
???????
?
?????????? ????? ???????
) ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???.
?? ????????? ?
??????
??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? (??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????).
????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? (???????, ???????? ??????? ???????) ?????? ???-????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????. ??, ??????, ???? ?????????? ??????? 4 ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?-10 ????????. ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?
???? ????? ?????
????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????.
| ????????? ?? ?????????
|
???? ????????
|
?????? ??? ?????? (
2006
)
|
| ???????? ???????
|
6
|
685,581
|
| ??????
|
6
|
548,391
|
| ???????
|
24
|
506,678
|
| ??????
|
24
|
314,422
|
| ???????
|
6
|
191,400
|
| ????'???
|
6
|
161,359
|
| ???? ??????
|
10
|
91,346
|
| ??????????? ???????
|
6
|
84,244
|
| ??? ????????
|
10
|
72,999
|
| ?????????? ????? ???????
|
1
|
41,464
|
| ?? ????? ??????
|
4
|
33,962
|
| ?????
|
1
|
30,372
|
| ???????
|
1
|
29,474
|
| ??"?/?????
|
105
|
301,075
|
??? ???
1989
?????? ?
??????
?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????. ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ????
2008
?????? ????? ????'??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????
[1]
.
????? ????? 26 ?
??? ????? 1867
, ?????
???? ????
????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????. ?? ???????? ???, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? (??????? ?? ??????), ??? ????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ????
1990
?? ???? ????? ????
????? ??????
???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????
??????? ?????
????
1874
????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???
????? ????????
????
????? ???????
.
????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ??, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
?????
?? "??? ???? ?????" ( "crime infame" / "infamous crime" ? ?????? ?"????? ??? ???? ????" ????? ???????) ??
??? ???
???? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? (??? ?????) ???? ?? ????? ?????.
??????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ????
2006
????? ?? 122,700
???? ????
. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? (??, ??????,
???? ??? ????? ?????
???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??). ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.
??? ?????, 1867
???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? 30, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???????.
??? ?????, 1867 ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? 4,000
???? ????
?????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??, ???? ??? ????? ?? 175,000 - 200,000 ???? ????, ???? ??? ???????? (????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????).
????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??
????? ??????
, ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????.
????, ????? ??? ????? ???????, ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? 4,000 ?????? ??? ????? ???? (??? ???? ????? ????? ??????). ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????, ????
1997
, ??? ????? ?? ?
?????
?
??????
??? ????
?????. ????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? 4,000 ?????? ?? ???
[2]
.
??? ????? ???? 1867 ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ????
1927
???
??? ????
?
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????
?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? 1867 ?? ?"?????" (Persons) ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? "????" ??? ???? ???? "?????". ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????
[3]
??? ??? ????? ??????
?? ???
????? ???? ???? "?????" ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? "???" (he) ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????.
????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?
????? ?????? ?? ????? ????
?
????? ???????
?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??
???????? ???????
??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? "?????" ???? ?? "????". ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ???
?????? ???? ????? ????
, ???? ???? ????? ??
?????? ??????
???????? ????? ?????.
???? ??? ????? ("speaker" - ?"????" / "President" - ?"????") ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ???
????? ????? ?? ????
????
??? ????? ????
. ????? ??? ????? "???? ??? ????" (Speaker pro tempore -"???? ??? ????") ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? "???? ??? ?????" ????? ??? ?????. ??? ??, ????? ?
??? ?????? ????
????
1985
???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ?
??? ???????
????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ( Rappel au Reglement / point of order) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ??, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????.
?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? (????, ?????? ??????), ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? (??? ?????).
???? ???? ???? ?????
???? ?. ??????
.
????? ?????? ?????
??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????, ????? ????? ?? ?
????? ????
. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? (????, ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????????).
???? ?
?????????
????? ????
????? ?????????? ?????
? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??????
????? ??????????
????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????.
????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? (?? ??? ???
1993
?
2003
.
????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??:
- ????? ????? (the clerk);
- ????? ?????? ????? (the deputy clerk);
- ?????? ??????? ????? (the law clerk).
?????? ?? ??????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????.
???? ???? ???? ????? ???
????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????
, ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?
?????
????? ??????? (????? ??
????
????
, ?????? "???? ?????"). ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?
??????
?? ????
???? ?????
??? ???? ???? ?
??? ????? ???????
. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????.
???? - ??
?????? ??????
, ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?
???? ?????
. ????? ?????? - ?? ???? ??? ?????. ?
??? ????? ???????
????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????, ????????, ?????? ?? ?? ??????
????? ????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??
????? ?? ???
.
?'???' ?????
,
??? ????
, ???????,
????? ?????
,
??????
, ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ??
?????? ????????
?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ?-
19 ????
1939
.
????? ????? ????
??? ????? ???????
. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???????, ?? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ????, ???? ??
????? ?? ???
????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????.
?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ??? - ????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ???????????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????.
??? ?????, 1867
????
??????
(???? ????? ???????) ?? 15 ????????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? 15 ?????. ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????, ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?????.
????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.
??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?
???? ???????
?? ????:
??????
??
??????
.
???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? (????? "???????? ??????" - "honorables senateurs" / "honourable senators") ??? ????? ??? (??? ????? ???? ??????). ??? ??, ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? (????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????).
?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? 15 ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????.
???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??. ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? (?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????).
????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ????? "???" ("yea") ?? "???" ("nay"). ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????, ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? (???? ????? ?? ???? ?????) ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ???????.
?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????.
????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????.
?????? ??????? ????? ??? "???? ?? ????" ("comite plenier" / "Committee of the Whole") ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? (??????: ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????). ???? ?????? ???? "???? ??? ??????" (chairman).
?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?-15 ????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????.
| ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
[4]
|
- ??????'???? (?????????)
- ?????? ??????
- ?????? ?????
- ????? ??????? ??? ????????
- ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????
- ??????????? ?????
- ?????? ???
- ?????? ???
- ????? ????, ????? ?????
- ????? ?????
- ???? ?????? (?????? ??????)
- ?????? ????? ?????
- ???? ??????
- ?????, ????? ??????? ???????
- ???? ?????
- ??????? ?????????, ??? ??????????
- ?????? ???????
|
?????
?? ???
?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.
???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????.
?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? (???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????), ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????, ?? ?????, ????? ?????.
??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????:
- ????? ?
?????? ??????
??
???? ????? ?????
, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ??
????? ?????
??
????? ???????
???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? 1867.
- ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? 180 ???.
????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????.
????? ???? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??, ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????.
????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ??, ????
?'?? ????
, ??? ???
1896
?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????.
????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.
??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????.
????
1965
????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? 75, ?????
1982
????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????.
????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? (???? ????? ???? ?
???? ?-80
?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
???? ????? ?????
, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????).
??? ??? ???? ?-70 ????? 28 ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? (???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????).
????? ?
???? ????????
?
?????? ????????? ?????
?????? ?????? ?????, ???????????
??????
?
????'???
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? (?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????).
?-
30 ????
2006
????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?-8 ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????.
?-
22 ?????
2006
????? ?????????
???? ?????
?
?'? ??????
???? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ?-117 ????? (??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ??, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????.
???? ????
2006
:
