???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
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. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?
???? ?-40
??
???? ?-20
, ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????
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????
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???? ?-21
.
??? ?????? ?????? ????
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???? ???????
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. ??? ??? ???????? ???
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????? ???????
????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????.
?? ???? ?????? ????? ????
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, ??????? ????? ????
1995
, ??????? ???? ?????
????? ???????
??? ????? ????? ??????
[1]
.
?????? ????????? ????? ?-30 ?? ???? ?-20
[
????? ??? ????
|
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??? ????? ?
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?
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???????
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????
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1898
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?????
. ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.
??????? ?????? ?? ???
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????
1911
???? ?? ??? ?
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????? ?????
, ????? ?
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?????????
. ????
1932
????
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?
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?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????????.
????
1934
???? ????????? ????????
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?
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?
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?????? ????
. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????
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?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????.
????
1938
????? ???????
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?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? 1934 ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????:
????? ??????
. ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ????????? ???????
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???? ???? ?
????
???? ????
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????
1938
??? ?
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1939
, ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????????
???? ????
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. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? "
??????? ?????
"
(
Tube Alloys
)
. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????
1939
????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???
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. ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ????
1942
??????? ?? ?????
???? ?????
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????? ?????????
, ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? (???? ??? ????? ???????) ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????,
???? ???????
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. ???? ?????? ?? ???????-235 ???? ???????, ??? ????
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????? ?????? ????????
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?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
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????
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8 ????
1945
, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ???, ???? ??? ?????
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16 ?????
1945
, ?????
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????? ???????
". ????? ?????? ?????? ????? 19
??????? TNT
, ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??
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?????
, ???? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ?-
6 ???????
1945
,
????? ?? ????????
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???? ?????
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15 ???????
1945. ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.
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(???? ??????? ?-
Uranverein
- ?????? ?
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) ??? ?
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1939
, ???? ?????? ???? ?????
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1939
.
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1942
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????
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???? ?-V-2
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?? ???
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(
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), ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????
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?.?.?.?.
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? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???.
???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????,
???????-16
, ????? ????????
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?-
29 ???????
1949
, ????? ????? ????????? ???, ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? "
Joe-1
". ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ?
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???? ?????
.
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[
????? ??? ????
|
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]
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??? ????
1942
, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??
????? ??????
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?
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???? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ??????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????, ?????? ???,
????? ?????
?
????? ??????
, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? - ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? - ??? ??????? ???? ??????.
?????????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????,
?????? ??????? ??????
, ??? ???????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????.
?"
???? ????
" ????? ????
1952
???? ?? ???? ??? ??????
?????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????
1949
. ?-
31 ??????
1950
, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ??, ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????: ???? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????. ???, ?????????
???????? ????
???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ??????????, ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????.
???? ?????? ???????, ?????? "???? ????", ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????
???? ????
?-
1 ???????
1952
, ??? ??????? ?????
??? ????
. ????? ???? ????? ?????
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?????? ??? ?-10.4
????? TNT
?? ?????? - ?? 450 ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
??????
-?????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??-??? ????? 1.9 ????????? ?????? ?? 50 ?????.
????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? - ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? - ???? ?-
7 ??????
,
1953
, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????.
???????? ??
??? ??? ????
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?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????-?????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????
?????? ?????
, ?-
12 ???????
,
1953
. ????? ????
?'?-4
?????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?"????" ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??-????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? (??? ???? ????? ??????). ???, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ?? "?'?-4" ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?"????" ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?
???????
, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????
1954
??? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???
????? ??? ?????
, ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?
???? ?-30 ?? ???? ?-20
. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????.
?-
28 ???????
1954
, ????? ????? ?????, ?
??? ????
, ?? ???? ?????-?????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? "castle bravo". ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??
??????
???? ?????. ?????? ???? ?-15 ????? ?? ??????, ?? 2 ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??
????? ???????
??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?-7,000 ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? (????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????) ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??
????
??
???? ????
.
????? ???????
??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? - ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? - ?????? ????? ????????????
????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
????? ???????
. ?? ????? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? "?????". ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? (???
?????? ??????
?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????). ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????.
????? "Castle Bravo" ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????, "??? ????" ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???????: ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?"??????" ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? 1955 ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????: ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????.
- ????? ??????? ?
????? ???????
,
????? ???? ??????
?????? ??
?????
????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????
????? ???? ?-50 ????? ?-60 ???????? ?? ???? ?-20 ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????
?????? ????
.
????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??
????????
?
??????
??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? - ????? ????? ?
?????? B-29 ??????????
- ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??
???? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-20
???? ????? ?????? ??
??????? ????????
????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????.
??? ????
1951
, ???
??? ???????? ????
(?????
????
) ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????: "????? ????" (????? ?????? ??? ???) ?"?????? ????" (????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????). ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? "???????????" ?? "??-?????". ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????
????? ???????
???? ??????????.
????
??????? ????????
????? ?
??? ???????? ????
?????? ?????
????
1958
?????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ?? ???
1961
???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ???????, ????????
1961
, ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???.
???? ????
, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 50 ????? (?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? 100 ?????). ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?
????? ???? ??????
????? ?? 100 ?????????. ???? ?"??????" ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???
1945
??-25 ????.
????
1963
, ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???, ??
???? ???? ????????
. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??-???????.
??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?
?????
????? ???? ?-50 ??-60 ?? ???? ?-20.
????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????????? ???? ???
????? ??? ?????
, ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?
V2
??? ????? ???? ???????.
???? ?????????
, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? (???? ????? ???? ?????????).
?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???
MGR-1 Honest John
, ??? ???? ????-???? ???? ?????? ????? (?? 25 ????????? ??? ?????) ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.
??? ??????? - ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? - ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? 1946 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???
????? ?????? ????????
???? ???? ??
???????
??????? ??
????? ?? ???
(??? ???? ????? ??
????? ?????
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????? ??? ?????? - ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????
????????? ??????????? ?????? ????
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????? ???????
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?????? ??????????
"????? ??????" ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???
???? ?????
???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????.
?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? (???? ????? ???????? ????? ????), ???? ?? ?????????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ???????? "????? ??????" ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????
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????????
????? ????? ??????
????? ??? ???? ?????: ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? "????? ???????". ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?"?????" ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?"???? ????". ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??
??????? ?'??'??
: "??? ????? ???? ???? ????, ?? ??? ?????" - ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????.
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????? ????
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?????? ???? ??????
???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ??????
SAGE
, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?
??????
??????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
??? ???
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?????
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.
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???? ?-60 ?? ???? ?-20
, ?????
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?????? ??????
" ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????.
??????
U-2
, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?
????
????
1962
, ????? ??
???? ?????? ?????
???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???
1962
.
???? ?????
?????? U-2
??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?
????? ????????
????? ?
????
, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ???
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, ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??
???? ?????
. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?-4000 ?????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ???????. ?-
22 ????????
, ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????
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. ????? ?? ?????'?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?
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??????
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. ?-
26 ????????
??? ?????'?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?????'?? ???? ??? ???????:
??? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??, ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????.
?????? ?????'??
????? ?
?'?? ????
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????? ???? ??? ??, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ???, ???? ???? U-2 ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????
????? ????
???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?-
28 ????????
, ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????'?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????.
??? ????
,
????? ??????
???????? ????:
"??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???".
????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????
?? ??
- ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ???????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??
????? ??? ?????
??? ??? ???.
???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??
???? ???? ??????? ????
????
1963
, ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?
?????????
, ???? ?
??
(?? ???? ?
????????
) ?? ?
???
. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????
????? ?????
??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? - ??????.
?-
25 ????????
2011
?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ???? B53, ??????? ?????? ????
1962
, ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?
???? ?????? ?????
. ???? ????? ??? ?-4,500 ?"? ??????? ?? 600 ????? ????? ?????? ??
????????
????
????? ????? ??????
. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?'????????? - ?? "??? ??? ????????" ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
???? ????? ?????
??? ?????
?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????
[2]
.
????? ?-50 ??-60 ?? ???? ?-20 ?????? ?? "??????? ???????" 3 ?????? ??????.
?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?
?????? ?????
???? ?
???? ??????
????
1943
. ?????
McMahon Act
????
1946
???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???
????? ????
?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????. ???? ?????? ??
??? ???
????? ??-
26 ???????
1952
, ?????
??????? ?'??'??
?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ???
???? ??????
???? ?-
3 ????????
1952
. ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????
???? ?????
. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????
1958
?
???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? 1958
. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????
???????
?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????.
??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???
????? ????? ??????
??????? ??
?????? ?'????-????
???? ??????. ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??
????????? ??????? ???????
????? ????? ????
[3]
. ???, ????? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-20 ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????. ????
1956
????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????
1958
, ?? ???? ??
???? ?? ???
??????? ????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ????? ????
1960
. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.
????
1951
???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ????
1953
????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-20 ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ????
1959
????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??, ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ?-
16 ????????
1964
???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?
??? ???
, ?-
25 ????????
1966
???? ????? ???? ?????? ??-
14 ?????
1967
???? ????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????
1968
????? ??? ????-???????? ????? ??? ????
1974
.
????? ??????
???? ?? ??? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 2200 ??????? ????? ?? 700 ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????
?????
?????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??-2000 ???? ???. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.
????? ??? ???????
??? ???
???????
, ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????
???? ????? ????? ??????, ???
???? ??????
??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????????
?????? ????
, ??? ????? "
????? ????? ??????
". ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????, ?? ??? ?? ??-
1972
???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??
???? ??? ????? ????????
, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??
????? ?????????
?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?-B-29 ??-
B-36
??? ?-
B-52
. ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???
???????
, ????? ????? ??????
????? ????
??? ??? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???
????? ???????? ???-???????
. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ????
, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????
???"?
???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????.
?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????
1974
?? ????
????? ??????
. ?????? ??????? ???? ?"????? ?? ????".
????
???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????
1998
. ????? ??? ???? ??
??????
????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???
??????
,
????????
?
??????
, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???
1996
. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?
????????
.
??????
2004
, ???? ???? ????
??? ?????? ????
, ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?
???
, ?
?????
??
?????? ???????
.
?
???? ??????
????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?
???? ?-90 ?? ???? ?-20
. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.
?
?????
????? ?? ???? ??? ????????
, ?? ??
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- ??????? ??? ???????:
- ???? ???? ?????
??? ??????
:
- ??????? ?????
- ???? ????????:
- ??????? ?????? ????????
- Gregg Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller
(New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002).
- David Holloway,
Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939-1956
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).
- Richard Rhodes,
Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).
- Richard Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986).
- Henry DeWolf Smyth,
Atomic Energy for Military Purposes
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1945). (Smyth Report)
- Mark Walker,
German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939-1949
(London: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
- ??? ?????? ??????? ??????
- Spencer Weart,
Nuclear Fear: A History of Images
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
- ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
- Chuck Hansen,
U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History
, (Arlington, TX: Aerofax, 1988).
- Chuck Hansen,
The Swords of Armageddon: U.S. nuclear weapons development since 1945
, (Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications, 1995).
- Stephen Schwartz, ed.,
Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U. S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940
(Brookings Institution Press, 1998).