?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
????? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? , ????? ????? .
???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????.

?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? , ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????? . ??????? ????? ????? (?????? ??????? pro-choice) ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????; ???????? (??????? ??????? pro-life) ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????-??? (personhood), ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, (?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????), ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ?????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????: "?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? , ? ????? ???? ?' ???? , ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?' ?'???'?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????... ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ' ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ' ???? ?????? ." [1]

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???-??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? , ????? ????, ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ??????? . [2] ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????. [3] ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? (????? ?? ??? ???????), ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? , ????? ?? ???? , ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????.

??????? ??????? ??? ??????? (????? ?????? ?????) ???? ????? ???, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????.

??????? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????-??????. ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? (?? ???? ??) ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????:

  1. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ???? , ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??, ??? ? ????? .
  2. ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????-???? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ???? ?????? ??, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????-???? ?? ????? ?????.

?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????:

  1. ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??, ???? ????????? ???????.

??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????-??????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? . ??????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ???? "?????? ????-????" ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? . ????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????; ?????? ??-?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? (?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????, "??????? ???????-?????"); [4] ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? (reproductive rights) ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????. ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ??? "???" ?? "???" ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? 1 ?? ?????? ??????; ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? 2 ?? ???? "???-?'???". ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? 2 ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? 2 ?? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ????? ????-??? ?? ?????.

???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ????-?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?" ?????? ?????? ", ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. [5] ???-?? ????, ????? ????? ????? ?????, [6] ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???:

  1. ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????.
  2. ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????.
  3. ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? "?? ???" (human being) ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? 1 ?????? 2. ????? 1 ????? "?? ???" ???? ?????? ?????? ?? "???", "??????", "??? ??? ?????? ???????". ????? 2 ????? ???? ?????? "???? ????? ?????? ????????". ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???; ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? "???" ???? "????? ?????? ????????", ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????: [7]

  1. ???? (?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????), ??????? ?????? ???? ??? .
  2. ??????? (????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????).
  3. ?????? ???? ???? ???? (?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ?????).
  4. ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????; ?????, ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.
  5. ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ????????????? ?? ???????, ?? ?? ???.

?"???" ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???; ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???. ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???, ?? ???? ?? ???, ??? ??? ??? ? ???, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???, ????? (???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????), ???? ????? ???. [8]

?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? - ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? ???????? ??? - ?????- ??? ??????? ??????.

??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???. ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ??? ???? ?????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????.

????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????-?????, ?? ????????? ?????-?????, [9] ?? "????? ??????????? ?????? ???????", ???? " ????????? ", ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? [10] ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? "???? ?????", ???? ?????? ????? ????? " ???? ???? ", ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???-??, ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? "???? ?????", ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???-??, ?? ?? ?????? ????: [11]

  1. "???? ?????" ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??? ???? ) ? ???? 6?7 ??????? (????? ?"???? ???? ????").
  2. "???? ?????" ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ( ????? ???? ) ? ???? 19?20 ??????? (????? ?"???? ?? ???? ?????").

??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???????. "??????? ????? ????? ?????" ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? (???? ?? ????) ? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????. [12] ????? ??? ??? ??? ?"?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????-???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???-??????, ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????". [13] ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? "?????" ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ???. ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (??? ???), ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? "???? ???". ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ????.

"??????? ??? ????????" ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? (???? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??????? "?????" ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????) ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??-?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??-????? (???? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ???), ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???-??????? ????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???, ??? ???????? ???????? ?????. [14] ???? ???? ????, ????? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? "???" ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???, ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????. (?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????).

?? ?? ??, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?? ?? ???? . ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ???????. [15] ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???. ?'? ??-??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????. [16] ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?"????? ??????" ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????; ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????, "??????? ???-????????" ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? "????? ??????".

????? ??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????, ???????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? (????, ?????) ?? ???? ?????? ???? (???????? ???? ?????). ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? (?? ?? ????? ??) ???? ?????? ?????: ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????. [17] ???? ???, ???? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??, ?? ????, ??? ???????. [18] ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????, ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????-????? ???? ???? ????? ? ??????

  1. ????? ?"?????? ??????? ?????" ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ????? "??????? ???????" ??? ?? ????????.
  2. ?? ?? ????? ?"?????? ??????? ?????" ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? - ????? ?????? "??????? ???????" ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????.
  3. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????? ??????? ??? ????-??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????; ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? (????, ??????? ??????? ??? ???) ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? "??????? ???????". [19]

??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????, [20] ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? "??????? ???????" ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????, ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? (???? ??????????? ???? ???? ????), ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (????, ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ? ????? , ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????); ?????, ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??-?????? ????? ?? ?????? "??????? ???????". [21] ?????? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? "??????? ???????" ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? (?????, ????? ? ?????? ), [22] ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? (" ????? ") ?? ???? ???? ?????. [23] ???? ???, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? (????), ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? (??? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????), ?????? ?? ????? "??????? ???????" ???? ????.

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? - ?????.

?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????.

??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????.

?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???.

?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??: ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???. [24]

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? [25] ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???. ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ?"???? ??? ??, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????": ?????? ???? ?? "???????, ?????????, ??????? ???????" ???? ??? ???? ????? ???. [26] ???, ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? "???? ??? ????" ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????. [27] ???? ?? "???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????... ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????". [28]
??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??, ??????, ????? ????? ?????-??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????, ????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???. ??? ???, ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????.
??????? ?????-?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????, ?? ??, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???; ??? ?????? ???, ?? ????, ??? ????????: ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ???????? ??? [29] ??? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ??????? ???????, ????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????, ???????? ???, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????; ??? ?????, ??? ?? ?? "???? ??? ????". ??? ??????? ?????? ???, ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????. [30]
??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? (??????? ???? ??? ? ??????-????? ?? ????? ??? ), ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???, ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????: ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???; ?? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????.
??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??-????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ????, ??? ???????? ???, ??? ????? ????? ????. ????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????. [31] ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????. [32] ????? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?????? ????????? ???? (??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???), [33] ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????.
??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???-?????? ????? ????? ?? ????. [34] ??, ????? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????, ?? ??, ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (???? ?? 9 ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 99; ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ??????), ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????, ????????????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????), ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????-?? ?? ??????. [35] ??? ????, ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. [36]
??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ?????, ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??-???? ???. [37] ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? (???? ???? ????? ????? ????). ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?? ???-???, ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????.

?????? ??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? "????? ??????", [38] ?'???? ?'???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????-????? ???. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??????, ????? ??????, ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????; ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????; ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????, ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???; ???, ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ????? ???, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????-????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????; ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??-????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ????.
????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????. ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ?????, ????? ???, ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? (??????? ?????? ??????), [39] ?? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? (??????? ???????). [40] ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????, ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? (??????? ????? ????? ???); [41] ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? (??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????); [41] ?? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? (??????? ????????? ????? ??????). [42] ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? [43] ? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????.
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ?'?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????-???, ?????? ???? ????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????. [44]

?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????, ???? ??????, ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????-??, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? , ??? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????-?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. [45]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • Baker, L. 2000. Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Beckwith, F. 1993. Politically Correct Death . Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, ch 7.
  • Beckwith, F. "Defending Abortion Philosophically". Journal of Medicine & Philosophy 31 (April 2006): 177-203.
  • Boonin, D. 2003. A Defense of Abortion . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ch 4.
  • Doepke, F. 1996. The Kinds of Things . Chicago: Open Court.
  • Finnis, J. "The Rights and Wrongs of Abortion". Philosophy and Public Affairs 2:2 (Winter 1973): 117-145.
  • Glover, J. 1977. Causing Death and Saving Lives . London: Penguin.
  • Grisez, G. 1970. Abortion: the Myths, the Realities, and the Arguments . New York: Corpus Books.
  • Hasker, W. 1999. The Emergent Self . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Hershenov, D. "Abortions and Distortions". Social Theory and Practice 27:1 (January 2001): 129-148.
  • Himma, Kenneth Einar. "Thomson's Violinist and Conjoined Twins", Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , vol. 8, no. 4 (Fall 1999)
  • Kamm, F. 1992. Creation and Abortion . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Larmer, R. "Abortion, Personhood and the Potential for Consciousness". Journal of Applied Philosophy 12:3 (1995): 241-251.
  • Lee, P. 1996. Abortion and Unborn Human Life . Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, ch 4.
  • Lee, P. "The Pro-Life Argument from Substantial Identity: A Defense". Bioethics 18:3 (June 2004): 249-263.
  • Lee, P and R George. "The Wrong of Abortion". In A Cohen and C Wellman, eds. 2005. Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics . Oxford: Blackwell: 13-26, at 20-21.
  • Mappes, T. and D. DeGrazia. 2001. Biomedical Ethics , fifth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
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  • McInerney, P. "Does a Fetus Already Have a Future-Like-Ours?" Reprinted in Pojman and Beckwith 1998: 357-360.
  • McMahan, J. 2002. The Ethics of Killiing . New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Olson, E. 1997. The Human Animal . New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Parent, W. 1986. "Editor's introduction". In J Thomson. Rights, Restitution, and Risk . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: vii-x.
  • Paske, G. 1994. "Abortion and the Neo-Natal Right to Life". Reprinted in Pojman and Beckwith 1998: 361-371.
  • Pojman, L. 1994. "Abortion: A Defense of the Personhood Argument". Reprinted in Pojman and Beckwith 1998: 275-290.
  • Pojman, L and F Beckwith, eds. 1998. The Abortion Controversy , 2nd edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
  • Reichlin, M. "The Argument from Potential: A Reappraisal". Bioethics 11:1 (1997): 1-23.
  • Rogers, K. "Personhood, Potentiality, and the Temporarily Comatose Patient". Public Affairs Quarterly 6:2 (April 1992): 245-254.
  • Schwarz, S. 1990. The Moral Question of Abortion . Chicago: Loyola University Press, ch 8.
  • Steinbock, B. 1992. Life Before Birth: The Moral and Legal Status of Embryos and Fetuses . Oxford: Oxford University Press, at 78.
  • Stone, J. "Why Potentiality Matters". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 17:4 (1987): 815-30.
  • Stone, J. "Why Potentiality Still Matters". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 24:2 (1994): 281-94.
  • Stretton, D. "The Deprivation Argument Against Abortion". Bioethics 18:2 (April 2004): 144-180.
  • Stretton, D. "Essential Properties and the Right to Life: A Response to Lee". Bioethics 18:3 (June 2004): 264-282.
  • Thomson, J. "A Defense of Abortion". Philosophy and Public Affairs 1:1 (Autumn 1971): 47-66.
  • Thomson, J. "Rights and Deaths". Philosophy and Public Affairs 2:2 (Winter 1973): 146-159.
  • Tooley, M. "Abortion and Infanticide". Philosophy and Public Affairs 2:1 (Autumn 1972): 37-65, at 52-53.
  • Tooley, M. 1984. "In Defense of Abortion and Infanticide". In Pojman and Beckwith 1998: 209-233.
  • Warren, M. A.. "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion". Monist 57:1 (1973): 43-61. Reprinted in Mappes and DeGrazia 2001: 456-463.
  • Warren, M. A. "Do Potential People Have Moral Rights?" In R Sikora and B Barry, eds. Obligations to Future Generations . Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1978: 14-30.
  • Warren, M. A. 1982. "Postscript on Infanticide". Reprinted in Mappes and DeGrazia 2001: 461-463.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ ????? ????, ????? ??????? , ???? ???? ?' ???, ???????, ????? ??? , 2012, 4-5.
  2. ^ ?????? ????? ??? "The Kindness of Strangers: The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance", John Boswell ISBN  978-0-226-06712-4 Nov 1998, Intro.
  3. ^ ?????? ????? ??? Spivack, Carla, To Bring Down the Flowers : The Cultural Context of Abortion Law in Early Modern England, ?????.
  4. ^ ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ???????????: ????? ?? ????? ??????? . ????? ??? , 2006 (2005).
  5. ^ Kerckhove, Lee F.; Waller, Sara (June 1998). The Journal of Value Inquiry . 32 (2): 175?189.
  6. ^ Warren, 1973
  7. ^ ????, 458. ?? Glover, 1977:127 ?-English, 1975:316-317 ?????? ?? "????" ?? ??????.
  8. ^ Warren 1973: 458-459
  9. ^ Singer 2000: 128 and 156-157; Pojman 1994: 281-2
  10. ^ McMahan 2002: 260
  11. ^ D Garreth Jones, “The Problematic Symmetry between Brain Birth and Brain Death”, Journal of Medical Ethics , vol. 24, 1988. 237-242.
  12. ^ Marquis 1989: 197; Schwarz 1990: 89; Rogers 1992; Beckwith 1993: 108; Larmer 1995: 245-248; Lee 2005: 263
  13. ^ Stretton 2004: 267.
  14. ^ Warren 1982
  15. ^ Singer 2000: 186-193
  16. ^ McMahan 2002: 359-360
  17. ^ Grisez 1970: 277-287; Lee 1996 and 2004; Lee and George 2005: 16-20; Schwarz 1990: 91-93; Beckwith 1993: 108-10; Reichlin 1997: 22-23
  18. ^ Lee 2004: 254-255; Lee and George 2005: 18-19; Schwarz 1990: 108-109
  19. ^ ?????? ??????? ????? ???? McMahan 2002: 261-265
  20. ^ McMahan 2002: 261-265; Stretton 2004: 281-282
  21. ^ Stretton 2004: 270-274; McMahan 2002: 217
  22. ^ McMahan 2002: 209-217; Stretton 2004: 275-276
  23. ^ Stretton 2004: 276; Boonin 2003: 55
  24. ^ ????? ??????? ????? - ????? ????????? ??????, ???? 540 ?????, https://www.idc.ac.il/he/schools/law/documents/lawreview/vol19/roznai-sommer.pdf
  25. ^ Marquis, 1989. ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ??? Stone, 1987, 1995.
  26. ^ Marquis 1989: 189-190
  27. ^ ??? ??, 192
  28. ^ ??? ??, 183
  29. ^ Stone 1987: 816-817; cf Marquis 1989: 201-202
  30. ^ ?????? ???, ?????? "????????" ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? "??? ????? ???", ???? ?????? ???? Olson, 1997.
  31. ^ Marquis 1989: 198
  32. ^ Stone 1994: 282 n. 4
  33. ^ Boonin 2003: 70-85
  34. ^ Paske 1998: 365; Stretton 2004: 250-260
  35. ^ ??????, McMahan 2002: 240-265
  36. ^ McMahan 2002: 247-248
  37. ^ McInerney 1990; McMahan 2002: 271; Stretton 2004: 171-179
  38. ^ Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion. Philosophy & Public Affairs , Vol. 1, no. 1 (Fall 1971).
  39. ^ Warren 1973; Steinbock 1992
  40. ^ Beckwith 1993; McMahan 2002
  41. ^ 1 2 Schwarz 1990; Beckwith 1993; McMahan 2002
  42. ^ Finnis 1973; Schwarz 1990; Lee 1996; Lee and George 2005
  43. ^ Boonin 2003: ch 4
  44. ^ "The Morality of abortion: legal and historical perspectives" John T. Noonan, Harvard University Press, 1970
  45. ^ John Arthur 'The Unfinished Constitution: Philosophy and Constitutional Practice', Wadsworth, 1989, p198-200.
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