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??????? (?? ???????????? ^[1]^[2]) ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? . ????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? , ????? ?"??????? ?? ???????". ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? . ^[3]

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ????????? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ???????, ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????????.

????? humanista ??? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? huntanac artcs (??????? ????).

??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??"??????" ?????, ????? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????????: ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???'. ????, ???? ????? ?"???????" ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ???????, ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? "?????" ? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??"? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? (????? ????? ????? ??? ?????). ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? (??? ???????). ^[4] ???? 2022, ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????. ^[1]^[2]

?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?"??????" ???. ^[5]

????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ( ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ) ??????? ?????? ???????, (????? ? ???? ?????? ).

????? ??, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??? ?"?????? ????" ??????? (Studia Humanitatis) ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? "?????????" (???????, ???????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???'), ??? ?????????? ???? ? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????.

?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????:

"??? ???? ?????-???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????: studia humanitatis, ?? "?????? ????". ?????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????: ?????, ????????, ??? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ????, ???? ?????, ???????? ???, ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????????. ???????, ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? "?????????".

? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? , ?? ????: ?????????? ??????, 2000

???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? (?? ????????-???????????) ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????.

??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? "?? ?????" ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? "?? ???? ????" ?? ?'????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? .

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"???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? . ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???. ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????????????. ???????????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????, ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????."

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????? ????, ????? ???? ????????? ???????????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????, (????? ??????? ).

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? ????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? (??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????) , ??' 269 - 280

???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????.

?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???, ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ?????? ????. ???????? ???? ???? ????-??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????.

?? ?????? ??? ????? ?"??????" ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? (AGAPE) ????? ???? ?????????, ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???.

?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??, ?????? ?????? ???? . ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????.

???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?"???? ????" ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? "???? ????" ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??: ”????? ?????, ?????, ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????” , ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?"???? ????". ^[6]

????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????????. ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ? ?????? , ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? , ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ????? , ? ??????? , ????? ?????? ????. ??, ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????? . ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?-18 ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????.
???? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????????, ????? ??????????? ? ???????? , ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????, ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? (???) ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ???. ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????????, ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???, ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ? ????????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????, ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ?? ? ???????????? ????? ????? (?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????-??? ). ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? (????????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????). ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-19 , ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ? ?????? ??????????? ? ????? ????? ^[^{???? ????
]} ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? . ??, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? (??????), ???? ???????, ? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? , ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????-?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????????, ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ???, ??? ????? ???, ???? ??????, ??????? ????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? . ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ??? ??????, ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ???????? .
???? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????.

??????? ??? ??? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? (?????? ??????? ???????), ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? . ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? (????? ????? ???????????? ) ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????.

???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????. ?? ????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??, ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? , ??? ???? ???, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ??? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? (?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????) ???? ????????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????; ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? ??? ????????, ??-?? ????? ??, ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? "??? ??? ???" ?? ???? ????? ????? ???, ???? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????.

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????????? ????????? ( ??' ) ????? ???? 1941 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ^[7] ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? , ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? . ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?"? ????? ???? ( ??' ) .
????? ????? ???????-????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ? ???????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?-1963 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? . ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? , ??? ??????? , ???? ??? ? ????? ????? . ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?-SHJ ? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????-???? ??????. ??????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?-10,000 ????? ???? ?-2012. ^[8] ?-2004 ??? ????? ??????, "???? ?????". ^[9]

????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ??????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ?????? ???? 1924, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?-20 ????, ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????. ???????? ???? ?? ?'????? ?????'? , ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? , ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???.
???? 1936 ???? ? ??????? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? "?????? ?????? ??????????".
???? 1946 ???? ?'??-??? ????? ?? ???? " ??????????????? ??? ??????? ". ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????: ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??, ????????: ?????? ????????? , ???? " ?????????? ?????? ", ???? ???????, 1991. (???? ?????? ULI) .
????? ????? ????? , ????????, ????: ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? , ?????? 111?117, ????? ?? ???? , 1993.
???? ?? ???? , ????? ?????? ??????? , ??? ?????: ????, 2013, ?????? 233?239 (???? ??-???? "????? ?????????").
??? ????, "???????? ?? ???????: ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????", ????: ???? ???? (????), ?????? ????????: ??? ????? ??????? , ???????: ???? ??????, 2019, ?????? 48?84.
???? ?? ???, ??????? ????? ? ????? , ????? ?????, 2023

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ? ????? ???????? ??????
????? ???????? ???????
HUMANISM: Why, What, and What For, In 882 Words
http://www.jcn.com/humanism.html ( ????? 14.01.2010 ??????? Wayback Machine )
International Humanist and Ethical Union
Chicago humanist wiki pages
Site of the Humanist Movement - German
Site of the Humanist n.e.t. - German/ English
???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????.
?????? ????? , ?? ???? ????? , ???? ???? , 10 ???????? 2011
?"? ???? ??, "?????? ????????" ??????? ??"?
Introducing Humanism: Non-religious Approaches to Life ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????
??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
??????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (???? ???"?, ??? 2022) , ???? ??????? ????? ?????? , 9 ????? 2022
^ ¹ ² ???? ???‏, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? , ???? ????? ‏, 9 ????? 2022
^ Robert Grudin, Humanism , ??? ??????????? ???????? , ‏17 ?????? 2015 (???????)
^ ????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? , ??? 3, ????? ????, 1994
^ ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? , ?? ????: ?????????? ??????, 2000
^ ???? ???, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ????: ??? ?????? ??????? ???? (??????), ??? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? (???????: 2005) , , ??' 15 ? 22.
^ American Humanist Association, Who we are | About Humanism , ??? ?????? ????? (???????) ( ?????? )
^ Arnold Dashefsky, Ira Sheskin, American Jewish Year Book 2012 , Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. ???? 30.
^ ????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ??????, ?? ????? , ??? ????? ????? ( ?????? )

[האקדמיה-1] ¹ ² ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (???? ???"?, ??? 2022) , ???? ??????? ????? ?????? , 9 ????? 2022

[וואלה-2] ¹ ² ???? ???‏, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? , ???? ????? ‏, 9 ????? 2022

[3] Robert Grudin, Humanism , ??? ??????????? ???????? , ‏17 ?????? 2015 (???????)

[4] ????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? , ??? 3, ????? ????, 1994

[5] ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? , ?? ????: ?????????? ??????, 2000

[6] ???? ???, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ????: ??? ?????? ??????? ???? (??????), ??? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? (???????: 2005) , , ??' 15 ? 22.

[7] American Humanist Association, Who we are | About Humanism , ??? ?????? ????? (???????) ( ?????? )

[8] Arnold Dashefsky, Ira Sheskin, American Jewish Year Book 2012 , Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. ???? 30.

[9] ????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ??????, ?? ????? , ??? ????? ????? ( ?????? )

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[2]

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[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]