???? ????

ערך מומלץ
???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
???? ????
Hugo Black
הוגו בלאק
???? ????
???? 27 ??????? 1886
????, ????? , ????? ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
????? 25 ??????? 1971 (???? 85)
??'??? , ?????? , ????? ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
?? ??? ???? ?????? ????
?? ???? Hugo Lafayette Black עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
????? ????? ????? ארצות הברית ????? ?????
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? , ????????? , ????'???? , ????? ?????
????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
????? ?????? ?????????
?? ?? ?? ??? Josephine Foster Black עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
19 ??????? 1937 ? 17 ??????? 1971
(34 ????)
??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?'???? ????? ???
???? ????
??? ??????
??? ????
???? ????
???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????
???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
3 ?????? 1937 ? 19 ??????? 1937
(229 ????)
????? ????? ←
?????? ???? ????? ?????
4 ???? 1927 ? 19 ??????? 1937
(10 ????)
????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

???? ?????? ???? (? ?????? : Hugo Lafayette Black ;‏ 27 ??????? 1886 ? 25 ??????? 1971 ) ??? ???? ??? , ????????? ? ????? ??????? , ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ????? 1927 ? 1937 , ????? ??? ??? 1971 ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??? , ??? ??? ? ??????? ????? ??????? , ?? ? ?????? ??????? ?? 1932 ??? ? ??? ?? 1936 . ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? 63 ?????? ?-16 ??????? (?? ???????? ???? 10 ?????????? ?-6 ????????). ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????? .

??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ?-20 . ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?-14 ????? . ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????.

? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? . ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ( Substantive due process ) (?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????-??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????) ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??????? , ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? "???????? ??? ???????" ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) ?- 1965 .

???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? , ??? ???? ?????? ????- ??????? ???? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? , ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?- 1925 . ?- 1937 , ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ????: "???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????".

????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? .

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (???? ?????) ????. ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ????, ????? . ?- 1890 ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????. [1]

???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????' ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? . ???? ??????? ??? ???? , ???? ????? ???? ??????. ???? 22 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? . ?? ?? ?? ??, ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?? ???????????. ????? 1906 , ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ??- 1907 ??? ???? ??????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? . [1]

?????? ??? ???? ???? ????-??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ?. ?. ????, ???? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?- 1911 ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ?- 1912 ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ?- 1914 ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?'?????. [1]

???? ???? ???? ???, ???? ????? ????? ??????? , ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????? , ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? . ??? ???? ? ?????? ? ???????? ?-81, ?? ?? ???? ? ???? ??????? . ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ( ??' ) ?? ?????????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????.

?????? ???? ?-20 ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? 1 ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ? ?? ????? ???? ??????????, ?? ??????? ???? ?- 1925 . ?- 1937 , ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ??- 1926 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. [2]

?- 23 ??????? 1921 ??? ???? ????? ?? ?'????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ???. ?- 1951 ????? ?'????? ??- 1957 ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. [3]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ???? 1925, ??? ?????? ???????.

?- 1926 ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????-???????? , ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? , ?????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????????, ?. ?. ?????, ???? ?-80.9% ?? ????? ??????. ?- 1932 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? 86.3% ??? ?????? ?????????? ?' ?????? ?'?????. [4] ???????, ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ?- 1934 ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? , ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ( Air Mail scandal ) . ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?"????? ? ?????? " ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? 1930 , ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????-??'???, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? 1934. ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? . ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? "???? ??????, ???????, ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????????", ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????. [5]

?- 1935 , ?????? ???? ????? , ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? , ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ?- 8 ??????? ???? ???, ???? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? NBC . ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? 5 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????-???????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? 1935 ( Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 ) ???? ????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????. [6] ?- 1937 ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????-?????, ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? , ???? ?????? ???, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ?- 1938 , ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? 1938 ( Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ) . [7]

???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??? . ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? 1937 ( Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 ) , ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????.

???? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???. ???????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ? ?????? .

????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????' , ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ????? . [8] ?- 1935 ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????' ?? ???? ????????. ?????? Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????, "????????, ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????". [9]

???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?-1937, ????? ?? ?????? Black day (??? ????). ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? .

??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? . ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? "???? ???? ??? ??????? ????", ????? ???? ????? ????, ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???. [10] ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? , ??????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???? ????? "??? ???? ?????", ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????, ???? ????? ??????, ?????????, ????? ??? ?? 24 ??????? ???? ??? ????????. ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ??????? ???? ?- 1949 ?? ??? ???? ????? . [11] [12]

?- 12 ??????? 1937 ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????. ?? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??, ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? 1853 . ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? . ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????-??????? ?? NAACP , ????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? "?'???? ??? ???????" ( Chambers v. Florida ) ?- 1940 , ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????-???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.

?- 16 ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? 13 ?????? ??? 4 ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. [2] ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 63 ?????? ?-16 ??????? ??? ??????. ?? ???????? ???? 10 ?????????? ?-6 ????????. ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????. ??? ????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????. [13]

???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? . ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ( Ex parte Levitt ) . [14]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ?? "??????? ??????" ?? ?????, ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.

?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ???, ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????. ?- 1939 ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? . ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? , ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????. ????? 1946 ? 1971 ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????.

????? ?? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?-40 ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?. ?'???? ?????? ???? ???? "????? ???? ?'??? ????' ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????" ( Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America ) ?- 1945 . ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ????, ???? ??'???? ?????. ??? ????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???. ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ?'???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ???, ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?'???? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ???? ??'???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?? ???? "????? ???????" ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. [15] ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?? ?- 1946 ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? , ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?'???? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?'??? ????'. ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?'???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????.

?- 1948 ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???-????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???. ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?'????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ???????? . [16]

? ???? ?-60 ????? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?- 1968 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?"??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????". [17]

???? ?-50 ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? , ????? ?? ???? ????- ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????-?????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????, ???? ???? "????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????" ( American Communications Ass'n v. Douds ) ?- 1950 , ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????????? . ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? . ????? ????, ???? ???? "???? ??? ????? ?????" ( Dennis v. United States ) ?- 1951 ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????' ( Smith Act ) , ?????? ???? "?????, ????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ???????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????". ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???:

?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???. ?? ???, ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ????????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. [18]

??? ????? ?-40 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? . ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? "???? ??? ????" ( Engel v. Vitale ) ?- 1962 , ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????. [19] ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????.

?- 1953 ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? . ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ????, ?????, ???? ? ??????? . ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????. ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? "???????? ??? ???????" ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) ?- 1965 , ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? . ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?"????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ...?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????. ...??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???". [20]

????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?'?? ???? ???? ???? , ?????? ?- 1955 ?? ?'????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? , ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? .

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.

????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????, [21] ?????? ???????? , [22] ? ??????? ?????? . [23]

????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????: ????????, ??? ?????? ???????????. [24] ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ?- 1968 ??? ???? ?"???? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????". [25]

?????? ????, ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????. ???? ???: "????? ??? ?? ?? ??????; ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????". [24] ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ??????, ??????????? ?? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?- 1947 ???? ???? "?????? ??? ?????????" ( Adamson v. California ) , ????? ??? ????? ?"???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???":

??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?-18 ... ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ...???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?-14 - ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [26]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????, ?'?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????: "?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????". [27] ???? ????? ???, ????? ???? , ???: "????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????". [28] ??? ??????? ???, "?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????". [29] ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????. [27] ?? ???, ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? , ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?-20 ??-30, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???.

???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? "??????? ??? ?????" ( Fortson v. Morris ) ?- 1967 ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ???????? ?? ?'???'?? ????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? 1966 , ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? . ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? (????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????), ?????? (????? ?????? ???? ??????) ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ?'???'?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??-3,000 ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? "??? ??? ?????" ( Gray v. Sanders ) , ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ( County unit system ) , ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??'???'??. ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. "??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????", ????? ????.

?????????? ??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? "???????" ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?"??????????" ( Textualism ) ??"??????????????? ?????" ( Strict constructionism ) . ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??, ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? , ???? ?????? (????? ????) ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?-14 ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? "????" ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??-14, ????? ???? "???????? ??? ???????" ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? . ???? ???, "???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??... ?????? ??? ???? ???, ????? ???-?????... ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????". [30]

???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? "??????? ????????" ?? ???? ???? . ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? "????? ????" ( Living Constitution ) . ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???:

????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???, ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????. ??? ???????, ?? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????? . ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????, ??? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. [30]

???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?"??????????" ( Originalism ) . ??????? ??????, ??????, ???? ???? ?"???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????". [31] ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????.

???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? "?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????". [32]

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? . ???? ???, ????? ?-20 ??-30, ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??, ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? . ??? ????, ??? ?- 1937 , ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???. ??????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? "?????? ??? ????'" ( Mulford v. Smith ) ?- 1939 , "????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????" ( United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ) ?- 1941 , "????? ??? ??????" ( Wickard v. Filburn ) ?- 1942 , "???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????" ( Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States ) ?- 1964 ?"????? ??? ??'????" ( Katzenbach v. McClung ) ?-1964.

?? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ??????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? "???????? ??????? ??? ?????" ( South Carolina v. Katzenbach ) ?- 1966 , ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 1965 . ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????-???????? , ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? 5% ????-???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ?? ??? ?? ??? ????:

...??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. [33]

????? ????, ???? ???? "?????? ??? ?????" ( Oregon v. Mitchell ) ?- 1970 , ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????.

????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? "????? ??? ?????" ( Younger v. Harris ) . ??? ??? ??, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ?"??????? ?????". ?? ?? ???? ??, ??????? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????, ?? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? "???????? ????", ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??

???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. [34]

???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? "????? ??? ??" ( Baker v. Carr ) . ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??, "??????? ??? ????" ( Colegrove v. Green ) .

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????, ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????' . ?? ???, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?- 1948 ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? "??? ??? ?????" ( Shelley v. Kraemer ) , ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?- 1954 , ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? "????? ????? ????? ??????" ???? ???? "??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????" ( Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education ) ?- 1969 .

???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? , ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? . ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?"??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????". [35]

???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??. ??????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. [36] ?- 1968 ??? ???, "???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????". [37] ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????, ????, ?? ????? ?"????? ?????", ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? "??? ??? ????" ????????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ???? "????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????".

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? . ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? "??????? ?? ????? ??? ???..." ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??????? , ?"????? ????" ( bad tendency ) , ?"??? ?????? ?? ????" (gravity of the evil), ? ?????? , ?? ?"?????" (balancing). ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? "???????, ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????... ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????'". [38]

???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??????? . ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? "?????? ??? ????? ??????" ( Everson v. Board of Education ) ?- 1947 , ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ???????.

?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??. ?- 1957 ??? ???? ???? ???? "???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????" ( Schware v. Board of Bar Examiners of New Mexico ), ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? . ????, ????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? "???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????????" ( Konigsberg v. State Bar of California ) ?-1957. ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ?? ?- 1961 , ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ( Konigsberg v. State Bar of California - Dissent by Hugo Black ) ??? ???? ???? "?????? ???????" ( In re Anastaplo, Dissent by Hugo Black ), ??? ????? ?????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. [39]

????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? "??'????? ??? ????? ??????" ( McCollum v. Board of Education ) ?- 1948 ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????. ???? ???? "?????? ??? ???????" ( Torcaso v. Watkins ) ?- 1961 , ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? "???? ??? ????" ( Engel v. Vitale ) ?- 1962 ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????.

???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. [40] ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ???? "???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????" ( New York Times Co. v. United States ) ?- 1971 ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???'?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ????,

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????. ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???????, ?? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ...????? '??????' ??? ????, ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. [41]

???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? "????? ??". ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.

?? ?? ????, ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? "????? ??? ???????" ( Adderley v. Florida ) ?- 1966 , ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? "????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????" ( Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ) ?- 1969 , ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? (???? ?? ????) ???? ????, ??????,

???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?-14 ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??. [42]

???? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? "?????" ?? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????? "???????" ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? "?????" ????. [43] ??????, ??? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ???? "????? ??? ??? ????" ( Street v. New York ) ?- 1969 , ??? ???: "???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????". [44] ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? "??? ??? ?????????" ( Cohen v. California ) , ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?'?? ????? ?????? ?????? "?????? ?????" (???????: Fuck the Draft), ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ???? "????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????". [45]

????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?"????????" ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. [46]

?????? ???, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?'???' ??????? ( ??' ) , ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???:

??????? ?? ????, ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? "????? ??????" ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???, ?? ????, ??? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? - ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????. [47]

?????? ??? ?- 1968 , ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? "?????? ??? ?????????" "???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???, ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???, "?'???? ??? ???????". [46]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? . ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? "?? ??? ????? ?????" ( Katz v. United States ) ?- 1967 , ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. [48]

???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? "???? ??? ???????" ( Wolf v. Colorado ) ?- 1949 ??? ??? ???? ?????? ( Exclusionary rule ) "?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???... ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????". [49] ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? "??? ??? ?????" ( Mapp v. Ohio ) , ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? , ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ???, "????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ...?????? ...??? ???? ?? ????? ??????". [50]

?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?- 1966 , ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????, ??????, ????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? .

???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? "????? ??? ????????" ( Gideon v. Wainwright ) ?- 1963 , ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? ??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????????, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? "???? ??? ????????" ( Barron v. Baltimore ) ?- 1833 . ?????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ?-14, ?????? ?- 1868 , "?????" ????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?-14, "?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????". ??? ???? ?????? "?????? ?????????" ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????. [51]

???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?"?????" ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? "?????? ??? ?????????" ( Adamson v. California ) ?- 1947 ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?'?? ??????? ??? ????? ?"?????? ?????". [52] ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??, ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?-14, ????? ?????? ?"?????? ?-14, ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????". [53]

???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ????? . ?? ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ?'?? ???? ???? ???? . ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?-14 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?"??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????", ???? ???? ?????? ???'??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? "???? ??? ???????" ( Palko v. Connecticut ) .

??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?-14 ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. [54] ?? ???, ??? ????? ???? ????? "???????" ????? ???????. ?? ?? ???, ????? ???? ?-30 ?? ???? ?-50, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? (??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????) ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.

?? ?? ????, ????? ?-60 ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. [55] ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????. ????, ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? , ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????, ? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?-12 ?????.

???? ????? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? "????? ????? ??????" ( Substantive due process ) . ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????????, ??? ?? "??? ?????" ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? "?????" ????? ?????? "?????????". [56]

????? ???, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? "???????? ??? ???????" ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? "????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????". [30] ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? "?????? ??????" ( In re Winship ) , ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? "????? ?????", ????? ??????: "???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? '??? ????' - ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????". [57]

???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????. ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. [58]

?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? (???????? ???? ?????) ??? ????? ????????? , ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? - ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?"????? ??????" ?? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?'?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? "?????? ??????? ????? ?... ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????... ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????". [59]

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? . ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? "????? ??? ?????" ( Wesberry v. Sanders ) ?- 1964 , ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? "??????? ?????? '?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????', ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???". [60] ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? "???????? ??? ????" ( Reynolds v. Sims ) ?-1964, ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????. [61]

????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?'???'?? ???? ???? "??????? ??? ?????" ( Breedlove v. Suttles ) . [62] 29 ???? ???? ???, ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? "???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????'????" ( Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections ) ?- 1966 , ???? ?? ?????? ? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? "?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????" ???? "??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????". [63] ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? "???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? 15" ( Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15 ) ?- 1969 , ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????. [64]

???? ????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?-40 ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?-14 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??? ????, ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???, ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???.

????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? "????? ??? ???'?????" ( Graham v. Richardson ) , ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????, "???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?'????? ???? ??????' ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????". [65]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? 1971 ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??'??? , ?????? , ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?- 17 ??????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?- 25 ??????? 1971 ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? .

??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???. ?? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? "???? ????". ???? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? . ??? ??? ???? 14 ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??.

?????? ??? ????? ???'?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????.

?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) ??????? Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????? , ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???? . [66] ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? "???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????". ?????? ??? ?"???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??, ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????...". [66]

????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????. [67]

?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?- 1 ???????? 1937 , [68] ??? ???? ??? ????, "??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????...". [69] ???? ?? ???, "??? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????. ...???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???. ????? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??". ?-Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ????? ?"?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????". [70]

????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????: "????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????". [71]

???????? ? ???? ?-90 ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? "???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ? ?????? ". [72] ?????? ?? ???'? ?????, ???? "??? ???????? ??????? ??????????" ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?- 1926 ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ????, ?- 1937 ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? , ?????? ???? "???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ???????, ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ??????, ????? ??????". [73] ????? ?-40 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. [74]

?'????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??- 1954 ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????. ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?'????? ???? . 13 ???? ???? ???, ?- 2 ???????? 1967 , ??? ???? ? ????-??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?- 1971 .

????? ????? ??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? "????? ????? ??? ?????" ( United States v. Price ) , ?????? 18 ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?'???? ?'????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? , ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????.

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????.

???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? : ?- 26 ??????? 1935 , ???? ???? ?????, ??- 9 ???????? 1964 ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. [75] [76]

?- 1986 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? . [77] ???? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?'????? ???? , ?'??? ????? , ???? ??????? , ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? . [78] [79] ?- 1987 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????, "??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?. ????". [80]

???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? . [81] ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????. ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???. [82]

???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? 34 ????, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? 25 ????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?- 22 ?????? 1946 , ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?- 17 ??????? 1971 . ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????: ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?- 24 ????? 1946; ?????? ?? ?????? ?- 8 ??????? 1953 ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?- 5 ???????? ???? ???.

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • Howard Ball, Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior , Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN  0-19-507814-4
  • Jeffrey D. Hockett, New Deal Justice: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Hugo L. Black, Felix Frankfurther, and Robert H. Jackson , Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1996, ISBN  978-0-8476-8210-2
  • Roger K. Newman, Hugo Black: A Biography , New York: Pantheon Books, 1994, ISBN  978-0-8232-1786-1
  • Howard Ball, Of Power and Right : Hugo Black, William O. Douglas, and America's Constitutional Revolution , Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN  978-0-19-504612-0
  • Tony Allen Freyer, Hugo L. Black and the Dilemma of American Liberalism , Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman, 1990, ISBN  978-0-8173-1194-0
  • James J. Magee, Mr. Justice Black, Absolutist of the Court , Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1980, ISBN  1-58838-144-7
  • Howard Ball, The Vision and the Dream of Justice Hugo L. Black: An Examination of a Judicial Philosophy , University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1975
  • Virginia Van der Veer Hamilton, Hugo Black: The Alabama Years , Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972
  • Tinsley E. Yarbrough, Mr. Justice Black and Legal Positivism , ??? 57, Virginia Law Review, 3, ??' 375?407
  • Wallace Mendelson, Justices Black and Frankfurter: Conflict in the Court , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961
  • John Paul Frank, Mr. Justice Black, the Man and His Opinions , New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ 1 2 3 Suitts, Steve. "Hugo L. Black". Encyclopedia of Alabama.
  2. ^ 1 2 Van Der Veer, Virginia (April 1968). "Hugo Black and the K.K.K." American Heritage. 19 (3).
  3. ^ Yoder Jr., Edwin M. (March 16, 1986). "Justice Black At Home". The Washington Post.
  4. ^ "Carr, Adam. "Direct Elections to the United States Senate 1914?98".
  5. ^ "U.S. Senate: Lobbyists". www.senate.gov.
  6. ^ "Black Describes Lobby Inquiry Tells Radio Audience "You Will Pay Bill" in Increased Utility Rates". Chronicling America Library of Congress.
  7. ^ "U.S. Department of Labor ? History ? Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938". Dol.gov.
  8. ^ "Foes Seek to Block Mob Law". The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. November 15, 1937. p. 22.
  9. ^ Anti-lynch act shelved by filibuster, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - May 2, 1935.
  10. ^ Henry Julian Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton, Rowman & Littlefield, 1999, p. 160.
  11. ^ "Senate Quickly Confirms Reed Nomination". The New York Times. January 26, 1938.
  12. ^ Ariens, Michael. "Sherman Minton biography". Archived from the original on July 14, 2010.
  13. ^ Leuchtenburg, William E. (Fall 1973). "A Klansman Joins the Court: The Appointment of Hugo L. Black". University of Chicago Law Review. 41 (1).
  14. ^ Hamm, Andrew (October 9, 2018). "A look back at Justice Hugo Black's first day on the bench". SCOTUSblog.
  15. ^ Rehnquist, William H. (1987). The Supreme Court. New York: Knopf, pp. 65-66.
  16. ^ "The Mystery of Ballot Box 13". Washington Post. March 4, 1990.
  17. ^ Abe Fortas - Biography ? JewAge
  18. ^ United States Supreme Court, DENNIS v. UNITED STATES (1951), "FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions".
  19. ^ "Engel v. Vitale". Tourolaw.edu. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008.
  20. ^ Griswold v. Connecticut - Teaching American History
  21. ^ Tushnet, Mark V. (1993), The Warren Court in historical and political perspective, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, p. 105.
  22. ^ Tushnet, Mark V. (1993), The Warren Court in historical and political perspective, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, p. 86.
  23. ^ Rosen, Jeffrey (January 9, 2007), The Supreme Court: The Personalities and Rivalries that Defined America, New York: Times Books, p. 219.
  24. ^ 1 2 Howard Ball, Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 123.
  25. ^ Gerald T. Dunne, Hugo Black and the Judicial Revolution, Simon and Schuster, 1977, p. 413.
  26. ^ Donald P. Kommers, John E. Finn, Gary J. Jacobsohn, American Constitutional Law: Essays, Cases, and Comparative Notes, vol. 2, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009, p. 150.
  27. ^ 1 2 Ball, Howard. Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior. Oxford University Press. 2006, p. 119-120.
  28. ^ Bork, Robert, (1990), The Tempting of America, Simon & Schuster, New York, p. 72.
  29. ^ Magee, James J., (1980), Mr. Justice Black; Absolutism on the Supreme Court, Charlottesville; University Press of Virginia, p. 194.
  30. ^ 1 2 3 Griswold v. Connecticut, Dissenting Opinion by Hugo Black
  31. ^ Frank Cross, The Failed Promise of Originalism, Stanford University Press , 2013, p. 96.
  32. ^ Ball, Howard. Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior. Oxford University Press. 2006, p. 112.
  33. ^ United States Supreme Court, SOUTH CAROLINA v. KATZENBACH (1966), FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions.
  34. ^ United States Supreme Court, YOUNGER v. HARRIS (1971), FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions.
  35. ^ Ball, Howard. Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior. Oxford University Press. 2006, p. 113.
  36. ^ Hamm v. City of Rock Hill, 379 U.S. 306 (1964), Dissenting Opinion by Hugo Black ; United States Supreme Court, 378 U.S. 226, BELL v. MARYLAND, Dissent by Hugo Black , Adderly v. Florida, 385 U.S. 39 (1966) ; United States Supreme Court, 383 U.S. 131, BROWN v. LOUISIANA, Dissent by Hugo Black
  37. ^ Robert Longley, Top 5 Supreme Court Scandals, ThoughtCo, January 14, 2019.
  38. ^ Kevin Clarkson, Textualism, Not Strict Construction, Anchorage Daily News, August 18, 2010.
  39. ^ Joshua E. Kastenberg, Hugo Black's Vision of the Lawyer, the First Amendment, and the Duty of the Judiciary: The Bar Applicant Cases in a National Security State, 20 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 691 (2012)
  40. ^ Loren P. Beth, "Mr. Justice Black and the First Amendment: Comments on the Dilemma of Constitutional Interpretation," Journal of Politics, Nov 1979, Vol. 41 Issue 4, pp. 1105?1124.
  41. ^ New York Times v. United States by Hugo Black, Concurring Opinion
  42. ^ Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, Dissent by Hugo Black.
  43. ^ Ball, Howard. Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior. Oxford University Press. 2006, p. 114-115.
  44. ^ Street v. New York Dissent by Hugo Black.
  45. ^ Cohen v. California, Dissent by Harry Blackmun, joined by Burger, Black; White (in part).
  46. ^ 1 2 Hugo L. Black, Official Supreme Court media at Oyez.org.
  47. ^ In re Anastaplo, Dissent by Hugo Black.
  48. ^ Katz v. United States (389 U.S. 347) by Hugo Black, Dissent.
  49. ^ Wolf v. Colorado, Concurrence by Hugo Black.
  50. ^ Mapp v. Ohio by Hugo Black, Concurring Opinion.
  51. ^ Nicandro Iannacci, Hugo Black, unabashed partisan for the Constitution, National Constitution Center, August 12, 2019.
  52. ^ Gilder, Eric and Hagger, Mervyn, Reference: Hugo L. Black and John Lilburne, British and American Studies (University of the West, Timisoara) 14 (2008): 217-226, Archived from the original on August 28, 2010.
  53. ^ Adamson v. California, Dissenting Opinion by Hugo Black.
  54. ^ "The Fourteenth Amendment and the Incorporation Debate". Law.umkc.edu. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008.
  55. ^ "The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953?1969". Bsos.umd.edu. Archived from the original on August 12, 2009.
  56. ^ "Due Process of Law ? Substantive Due Process, Procedural Due Process, Further Readings". Law.jrank.org.
  57. ^ In re Winship by Hugo Black, Dissent.
  58. ^ Wiecek, William (2006). The birth of the modern Constitution: the United States Supreme Court, 1941?1953. p. 517.
  59. ^ In re Winship, Concurrence by John Marshall Harlan II
  60. ^ Wesberry v. Sanders, Opinion of the Court by Hugo Black.
  61. ^ Reynolds v. Sims, Opinion of the Court by Earl Warren.
  62. ^ Breedlove v. Suttles, Opinion of the Court by Pierce Butler.
  63. ^ United States Supreme Court, HARPER v. VIRGINIA BD. OF ELECTIONS(1966).
  64. ^ Kramer v. Union Free School District N15, Dissent Stewart, Dissent by Potter Stewart
  65. ^ "Graham v. Richardson 403 U.S. 365 (1971)".
  66. ^ 1 2 "The Digs: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette : Photo". pgdigs.tumblr.com.
  67. ^ "FDR Press Conference #398". September 14, 1937 ? via FDR Presidential Library & Museum.
  68. ^ "Justice Hugo Black admits his membership in Ku Klux Klan in an address to the nation through radio in Washington D.C." (video). www.criticalpast.com.
  69. ^ "The Supreme Court . Transcript - PBS". www.pbs.org.
  70. ^ Daniel M. Berman, Hugo L. Black: The Early Years, Catholic University Law Review, Volume 8, Issue 2, 1959, pp. 105-106.
  71. ^ Dahn A. Batchelor, Whistling in the Face of Robbers: The Life and Times of Dahn A. Batchelor, iUniverse, 2012, p. 100.
  72. ^ Daniel Dreisbach, Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State, NYU Press, 2003, p. 225.
  73. ^ "Harvard Jew Appointed by Hugo Black To Be Law Clerk," The Harvard Crimson(October 5, 1937).
  74. ^ No Establishment of Religion ? America's Original Contribution to Religious Liberty
  75. ^ "Time Magazine cover, Hugo L. Black, United States Senator". Time Magazine. August 26, 1935.
  76. ^ "Time Magazine cover, Hugo L. Black, United States Justice". Time Magazine. October 9, 1964.
  77. ^ Justice Hugo L. Black 5￠ stamp.
  78. ^ "Supreme Court Justices Honored on Stamp Souvenir Sheet". Archived from the original on February 24, 2011.
  79. ^ "United States Postal Service. Philatelic News.". Archived from the original on February 7, 2010.
  80. ^ Historic Federal Courthouses - Federal Judicial Center
  81. ^ "Library of Congress manuscripts catalog, Hugo Black papers". Archived from the original on May 3, 2008.
  82. ^ "Bounds Law Library, Hugo Black special collection". Archived from the original on July 23, 2008.


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