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James Knox Polk
ג'יימס נוקס פולק, 14 בפברואר 1849, 3 חודשים לפני מותו
?'???? ???? ????, 14 ??????? 1849 , 3 ?????? ???? ????
?'???? ???? ????, 14 ??????? 1849 , 3 ?????? ???? ????
???? 2 ??????? 1795
????? ????? ארצות הברית ???????? ( ??' ) , ???????? ???????
????? 15 ????? 1849 (???? 53)
????? ????? ארצות הברית ??????? , ????
?? ???? James Knox Polk עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
????? ????? ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
???? ????? ???? טנסי ?????? ????? ???? , ???????
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???? ????? ????? ??11
4 ???? 1845 ? 3 ???? 1849
(4 ????)
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???? ???? ??9
14 ???????? 1839 ? 15 ???????? 1841
(??????)
???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??17
7 ?????? 1835 ? 4 ???? 1839
(3 ????)
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4 ???? 1825 ? 3 ???? 1839
(14 ????)
→ ?'?? ??????? ???
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????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

?'???? ???? ???? (? ?????? : James Knox Polk ‏; 2 ??????? 1795 ? 15 ????? 1849 ) ??? ????? ?-11 ?? ????? ????? ( 1845 ?1849). ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.

???? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 1835 ?-1839, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? 1839 ?-1841, ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?-1840 ???? ?-1842. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? 1844 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? . ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? 1849 ???? ?????. ??? ?? ? ????? ????? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? . ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? , ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????-???? ????? ????? . ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? , ????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ?? 1913. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ?????? " ?????? ????? ", ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ???? .

??????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? "????? ????? ??????? ?????". ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? (???? ????? ????? ).

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ?????????, ????.

?'???? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????????, ???? ????????, ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? . ????, ?????, ??? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? - ???? . ???, ?'??? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?'?? ???? . ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????, ?'???? [1] .

??? ???? ????? ?????-????, ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????????? . ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????????????? ????????. ?????? ?'???? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????.

?-1803, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? 1806 ??? ?????. ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????.

???? ??? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????? ??-1812 ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? , ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 11 ????? "????" ?? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? [2] [3] .

?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????. ????? 1813, ???? ??????? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?'?????? .

?????? 1816, ???? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??'??? ??? . ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????????, ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ????????? ???? 1818.

???? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ? ??????? , ??? ????? ??????. ?-20 ??????? 1819, ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?-1821 ??? ???????, ?????? ?? 1822. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 1820. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ????? ????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? 1819, ????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-1822 ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????, ????? ???????. ??? ???? "???????? ?? ????? ???????" ??? ?????? ????? ???. ?-1822 ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-1823 ???? ?????. ???????? 1823 ??? ? ????? ?'???? , ??? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ??'???? ?? ????. ?'???? ???? "?????? ????" ?? ?? ??? ??? ( ?????? ), ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? "?????? ????" ??? ?????? ??????? ??'???? [4] .

?'???? ???? ???? ?'?????? ????.

???? ????? ?? ??? ?'?????? ???? ?-1 ?????? 1824. ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? [5] .

?- 1824 , ???? ?'???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??'???? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ( ?'?? ??????? ???? , ???? ???? ??????? ???????) ??? ???? ?????????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????, ????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? . ?'???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? "????? ???????", ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?-1825, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? . ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????, ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?-13 ???? 1826, ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? 1826, ??? ???? ?????, ?????????? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ????????? . ?-1827 ???? ????. ?- 1828 , ??? ?????? ?'???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ?'????, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ??'???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?-1833, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????, ??? ???? ????? ????, ??? ??'???? ??? [6] .

???? ??? ??? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? 1834, ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ?'?? ?? , ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??'????. ?-1835, ???? ???? ?? ??? ??. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?'????.

????? ???, ??? ???? ??'???? ????? 1836, ? ????? ??? ????? , ????? [7] . ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? , ????? ???? 1837, ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??'???? ??? ????, ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????.

???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ???-???. ??? ?? ???? "??? ????? ????" ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?-1839. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????.

???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-1835, ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? . ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? 2,500 ????? ?-1839.

???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????: ??????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? 1840 . ??????? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? , ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?-1841, ???? ????? ????? ?? 3,243 ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?-1843, ???? ??? ????, ???? ????? ?? 3,833 ?????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???, ????? ?????? ??????? [8] .

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? 1844
???? ?????? ?? ???? ?-1844

???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???. ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?- 1844 , ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 1837 ??? ?? ??? ????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ?'?? ????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? , ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???'?? ?'????? ???? ?????? ???. ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?'???? ?????? ??????????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?-1848, ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?'?? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? , ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????, ???? ???? ?????? ?'???? ???? ????????. ?'????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? [9] .

????????? ???? ?-27 ???? 1844, ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ???, ????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ????. ???, ?'?????, ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ???????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ?-44 ???? 266 ?????. ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ? ?'???' ????? , ?????? ????? ??????????, ????? [10] . ???? ???? "??? ???" (dark horse) ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????.

???? ?? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ????????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???. ??????? ???? ????? ???????????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?"??? ?????" ??????, ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? . ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? , ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? [11] .

?????? ??????? ?-1844

????? ????? ?'?? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? ?????- ???? ??????? ??????? 1841. ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ??'???? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ???, ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ?? ?????????, ????? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ????, ??? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? 1844, ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ???? 49.5 ?????? ??????? ?-170 ???? 275 ???????? [12] .

???? ????? ? ????? ????? , ???????? ???????, ??????? ??????, ????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??. ????? ???, ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????. ?????, ????? ???????, ??????? ???????, ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? 39,000 ????? ???? 2.6 ??????, ????? 170 ???????? ????? 105 ?????. ??? ??? ?-15 ??????, ????? ?-11 [13] .

???? ???? ?? ??????? ?-15 ??????? 1844, ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?'???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? 1845, ???? ??'???? ?? ?????. ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????.

?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? [14] .

???? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ????.

???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??. ????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?????? (??? ?????) ????? (?? ??????) ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ?? 49 ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?'???' ???? ??????? ???? .

??????? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? 1842. ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ????, ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?'?? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ?????-????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ???? 1846 ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?-25 ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? [15] .

??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?-1846 ??? ???? 500,000 ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ???. ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?'????. ?? ??, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? . ???? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????, ???, ????, ???? ????? ??????? ????????? (1861 - 1865) ????? ???? ???? ???? ?-1891.

????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??, ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? 1806, ???? ????? ????, ???? ?? ?'????, ??? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? 1827, ????? ????? ???? ????? 8,000 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????.

?'???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????"? ???. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? 1831, ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?'????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? 1830, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?"???? ??????", ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? 1834: "??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ??'???? ????? (??? ??????) ??? ????? ?? ?????."

????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ???, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? - ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? - ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????.

?????? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????, ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ? ???? ???? , ???? ?????? 2,000 ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????, ???? ?????? 25,000 ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???, ????? ??? ????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????.

?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?-40 ?? ???? ?-20, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? [16] .

?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? 1845, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? "????? ????????" ?? ??? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? 1836, ???? ???? ???? ???"? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ?'?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???'???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? 1844. ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????, ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ?????, ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? [17] .

?-1 ???? 1845, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ????????????? ???????? ???, "????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????", ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ?????? . ??? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? 1860 ????? ???? 30,000 ?????? ?? ?????????????. ??? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? [18] .

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ???????? , ???? 1844 , ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?'???' ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? 1846 ???? ???? ?????. ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?'???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??????????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? , ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? 1870 . ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?'??? ????? . ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1851. ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?-3 ???? 1849 . ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? [19] .

??????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? (????? ?? ?? ????????? , ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????). ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????. ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? (????? ????? ?????? " ?????? ????? ") [20] .

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????

???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ???? 1818 ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? (????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ). ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???????? ????? ???, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? [21] .

???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?-1846, ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? 1812 . ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???, ????? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????, ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? . ??? ??, ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? (?? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????) [22] .

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ?'?? ????? , ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? 1845. ?????????, ????? ????? ?? 1836, ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????? ????, ??? ???? 1836 ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? , ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? [23] .

????? ????? ???????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ????? ????????????
??? ?? ?????? ?-1845, ?? ???????? ???? , ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????.

???? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????. ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????? . ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?'?? ????? ( ??' ) ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? , ???? ?????? ?? ???? ( ??' ), ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ???????? ???? 11 ?????? ????????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? . ?- 11 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????: ”[?????????] ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????.” . ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ??????? ??????? ??????, ??'?? ??????? ????, ?????? ??????. ?? ?'?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????????
????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? . ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????.

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? 1846, ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????. ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ???'?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ? ???? ????????? ??????? [24] .

????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? 1847 ????? ???? ?? "??????? ?????????". ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? 1847, ?? ????? ????-???? ????? ?'???????, ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? , ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ?-1848, ??????? ????? ?? ???? [25] .

???? ???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ???????? ??????

???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? , ???????? , ?????? ? ?'??????? (?????) ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? (???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????) ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ???'???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? "????? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ???? ????", ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????.

?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ??????? ????? ???? ???????? , ?'?? ??????? ( ??' ) ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ????? "????? ??????" ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???-???? ??????? ??? [26] . ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? "?????? ?????" ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????-?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????.

???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? , ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????? , ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????. ???? ?? ??, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???-???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? " ????? ????? " [27] .

???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? 3.1 ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????????, ???? , ???? , ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? , ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? 15 ?????? ????. ??? ???? ?-20,000 ???????? ?????, ????? ???? ?-50,000 ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???????, ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ???????? 1848 ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ???, ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? [28] [29] .

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? 1848, ???? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? 100 ?????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ?? (???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? 1854 ). ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?-19, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? 1898 [30] .

????? ???? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ???? (?????????)

???? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? 1848, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????????? . ????? ???? ????? ???? ?-24 ?????? 1848 ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??-????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? 1849 ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????.

???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????, ?? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? 1848 ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ???, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ???'??, ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????, ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????. ????? ?????, ?????? ???'?? ?. ??????, ????? ????? ????, ??? ??"? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? 17 ??? ???? ????? ????; ???? ????? ?? 50 ?????? ????????? ?????? 273 ???? ???; ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?-36,000 $ ?????? ???, ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ?? ???"? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.

??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? 1848. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? 14 ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????: "?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? " ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?-5 ?????? 1848 ?? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????: 10 ?????? ???? ???? 1849, 41 ?????? ???? (971 ?????? ???? ????? 2005) ???? 1850, 75 ?????? ???? ???? 1851 ?-81 ?????? ???? ???? 1852. ???? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 1857, ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? 45 ?????? ???? ????. ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ????????? [31] .

?????? 1848 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? 1848
?????? ??????? ?-1848

???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?-1848. ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? 1848, ?-22 ?? 25 ????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ???????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?'???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? . ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ???? ????? ????. ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????.

????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????, ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ???, ??-1847 ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ?-8 ?????, ??????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????, ????, ???? ? ????? ????? , ??????? ????'????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ???, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ????.

???? ????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???. ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?-1848. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?????? ???? 47.3% ???????, ???????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? 42.5% ???????, ????? ??? ????? ???? 10.1%. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?-6 ???? 1849.

?????? ?????? ?? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?? ?'???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????: ???? (29 ?????? 1845), ????? (28 ?????? 1846) ? ????????? (29 ???? 1848).

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ????.

?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ???????? ?????? ????' ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?'?????? ????? ?? ? ??????????? ????? ????? [32] . ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ????, ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? 53, ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????. ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? 1849 (?? ?????? ???? ?'?? ????? ), ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ???????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? [33] .

???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ?-15 ?????, ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???. ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? 24 ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?????.

??? ??? ??? 42 ???? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??, ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ???? ?- 14 ??????? 1891 , ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ? ?????? , ????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? (?? ?'???? ?????? ? ?'?? ????'??? ???? , ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ????). ??? ?? ?'???' ????????? , ????? ?'????? , ?'??? ????? , ?????? ??????' ? ?????? ?'????? , ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????

???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????. ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?'???? ? ????? ??????? , ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????, ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????.

???????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????: ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????, ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????, ???? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ????, ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? . ????? ?????? ?. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? "??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????". ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ??????????? ????????, ??? ????? ??????? ? ?'?? ??????? ???? , ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? 1850 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? [34] .

???????? ?? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

"???????? ?? ?'???? ?. ????" ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? . ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?-19 ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????, ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???, ??????? ?-132 ?????. ??????, 25 ????? ??????, ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???? ???? 600 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???????, ???? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? [35] . ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????: ”???? ???? 12 ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????.”

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • Charles Sellers, James K. Polk, Continentalist, 1843-1846 , Princeton University Press, 1966 (???? ?????? ULI)
  • Paul H. Bergeron, The Presidency of James K. Polk , University Press of Kansas, 1987 (???? ?????? ULI)
  • Robert W. Merry, A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent , Simon & Schuster , 2010 (???? ?????? ULI)
  • Tom Chaffin, Met His Every Goal? James K. Polk and the Legends of Manifest Destiny , University of Tennessee Press, 2015 (???? ?????? ULI)
  • Eugene Irving McCormac, James K. Polk , University of California Press, 2020 (???? ?????? ULI)

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ?'???? ???? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ ?'?? ?. ?????? (John C. Pinheiro), ?'???? ?. ????: ???? ?????? (JAMES K. POLK: FAMILY LIFE) , ???? ?????????? ????'???? ; ???? ???? (University of Virginia; Miller Center)
  2. ^ ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?'???? ???? (Health and Medical History of President James Polk) , ???? ?????? ???? (Dr. Zebra)
  3. ^ ?'???? ?. ????: ???? ??????, ???? ???????? ??????? (James K. Polk: Birthplace, Early Life & Education) , ???? ????? (Study)
  4. ^ ????????; ?'???? ???? (Biography; James Polk) , ???? ??? ???? ???????? (American Battle Field)
  5. ^ ????????? ?? ?????? ????????: ??? ???? (First Lady Biography: Sarah Polk) , ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? (National First Ladies Library)
  6. ^ ?'???? ?. ????: ???? ???? ??????? (JAMES K. POLK: LIFE BEFORE THE PRESIDENCY) , ???? ?????????? ????'???? , ???? ???? (University of Virginia; Miller Center)
  7. ^ ????????? ?? ?????? ??????: ????? ??? ????; 1782?1862 (Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Martin Van Buren; 1782?1862) , ???? ???? ?????????? (Office of the Historian)
  8. ^ ???? - ????? ?'???? ?. ???? (Tennessee - Gov. James Knox Polk) , ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (National Governors Association)
  9. ^ ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? 1844 (1844 Democratic Party Platform) , ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? (The American Presidency Project)
  10. ^ ?'???' ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ?-11 (George Mifflin Dallas, 11th Vice President) , ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? (United States Senate)
  11. ^ ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? 1844 | ????? ????? ????? (United States presidential election of 1844 | United States government) , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
  12. ^ ??????? ?????????? ?? 1844: ????? ?????? (Presidential Election of 1844: A Resource Guide) , ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (The Library of Congress)
  13. ^ ?'???? ?. ????: ????????? ??????? ??????? (JAMES K. POLK: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS) , ???? ?????????? ????'???? ; ???? ???? (University of Virginia; Miller Center)
  14. ^ ?? ??? ?'???? ?. ????? (Who is James K. Polk?) , ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????; ??? 1849 (The Tennessee Historical Society; Since 1849)
  15. ^ ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (The United States Independent Treasury System) , ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? (The National Park Service)
  16. ^ ?????? ??????? (William Dusinberre), ???? ?????: ??????? ?????? ?? ?'???? ???? (Slavemaster President: The Double Career of James Polk) , ???? ?????????? ????????
  17. ^ ???? ??? (Lina Mann), ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?'???? ?. ???? (The Enslaved Households of President James K. Polk) , ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? (The White House Historical Association)
  18. ^ ?????? ?????: ????????? ?????? (Frederick Douglass: An Opposing Perspective) , ???? ????? ?'???? ?. ????; ???? ????????? (The President James K. Polk; Home & Museum)
  19. ^ ???? ???? , ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? (United States Department of the Interior)
  20. ^ ?????? ????? (Manifest Destiny) , ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? - ??????? ????-??????????? ??? ???????? ???? (United States History - Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium)
  21. ^ ???? ???; 1830?1860 (MILESTONES: 1830?1860) - ????????? ??????, 1846 (The Oregon Territory, 1846) , ???? ???? ?????????? (Office of the Historian)
  22. ^ ?????? ?. ???? (William L. Lang), ???? ?????? (Oregon Question) , ???? ???????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? (The Oregon Encyclopedia, A project of the Oregon Historical Society)
  23. ^ ???????? ???? (Republic of Texas) , ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? (Texas State Historical Association)
  24. ^ ?'???? ???? (James Risk), ????????? ??????? ??????? - ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????-?????? (California and the Mexican War - The Pacific Theater of Naval Warfare in the Mexican-American War) , ???? ???????? ????? (Military Museum)
  25. ^ ????? ????? ?????-?????? ?? ????? ???? (The Mexican-American war in a nutshell) , ???? ???? ?????; ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (Constitution Daily; Smart conversation from the National Constitution Center)
  26. ^ ????? ????? ?????? (Knights of the Golden Circle) , ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? (Texas State Historical Association)
  27. ^ ????? ????? ????? - ?????? ????? ???????? - ?????? (Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo) , ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? (The National Park Service)
  28. ^ ???? ???????? ?????? (The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo) , ???? ????????? ???????? (National Archives)
  29. ^ ???? ???????? ?????? - 1848 (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 1848) , ???? ??????? ???? (Our Documents)
  30. ^ ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? - ???? (Chronology of U.S.-Cuba Relations) , ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? (School of International & Public Affairs)
  31. ^ ????? ???? ?????????? (The California Gold Rush) , ???? ?????? ??????? (American Experience)
  32. ^ ???? ??????? ?? ?'???? ?. ????, ???? ??? ?'?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? (Late in James K. Polk’s presidency, his wife Sarah Childress Polk received an unusual gift that implicitly equated expansionism with imperialism) , ???? ????? ?'???? ?. ????; ???? ????????? (The President James K. Polk; Home & Museum)
  33. ^ ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?-19 - 1832, 1849 ?????? ???? (The Black Cholera Comes to the Central Valley of America in the 19th Century - 1832, 1849, and Later) , ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???"?; ??????? ???????? ??????? (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health)
  34. ^ ?????? ?? ??? ?????: ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, "???? ??????" ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? (Celebrating President's Day: Polk's legacy as expansionist president, 'workaholic' left America bigger and better) , ???? ?????? ?????? (The Daily Herald)
  35. ^ ????? ?? ?????? ?'???? ?. ???? (Provenance of the James K. Polk Papers) , ???? ?????? ??????? (Library of Congress)
????? ????? ?????
?'???' ????????? ? ?'?? ???? ? ????? ?'????? ? ?'???? ?????? ? ?'???? ????? ? ?'?? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?'???? ? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?'?? ????? ? ?'???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ? ?'???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?'????? ? ?????? ?. ???? ? ??????? ???? ? ?'???? ?????? ? ?'??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ???'??? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????' ? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ? ?'?? ????'??? ???? ? ?????? ?'????? ? ???'?? ?????? ? ?'??? ???? ? ?'??? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ?'???' ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ??????? ? ?'???' ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ?'? ????? החותם של נשיאי ארצות הברית.
?????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????
?'???? / ????? ( 1828 ) ? ?'???? / ??? ????? ( 1832 ) ? ??? ????? / ?'????? ( 1836 ) ? ??? ????? /??? ( 1840 ) ? ???? / ????? ( 1844 ) ? ??? / ????? ( 1848 ) ? ???? / ???? ( 1852 ) ? ?????? / ?????????' ( 1856 ) ? ?????????' / ???? ( 1860 ) ? ????? / ??????? ( 1864 ) ? ????? / ????? ( 1868 ) ? ????? / ??????? ( 1876 ) ? ????? / ??????? ( 1880 ) ? ??????? / ??????? ( 1884 ) ? ??????? / ?'??? ( 1888 ) ? ??????? / ???????? ( 1892 ) ? ?????? / ???? ( 1896 ) ? ?????? / ???????? ( 1900 ) ? ????? / ??????? ( 1904 ) ? ?????? / ??? ( 1908 ) ? ?????? / ???? ( 1912 ) ? ?????? / ???? ( 1916 ) ? ???? / ??????? ( 1920 ) ? ??????? / ????? ( 1924 ) ? ????' / ???????? ( 1928 ) ? ??????? / ????? ( 1932 ) ? ??????? / ????? ( 1936 ) ? ??????? / ????? ( 1940 ) ? ??????? / ????? ( 1944 ) ? ????? / ????? ( 1948 ) ? ???????? / ?????? ( 1952 ) ? ???????? / ?????? ( 1956 ) ? ???? / ?'????? ( 1960 ) ? ?'????? / ?????? ( 1964 ) ? ?????? / ????? ( 1968 ) ? ??????? / ?????? ( 1972 ) ? ???? / ??????? ( 1976 ) ? ???? / ??????? ( 1980 ) ? ??????? / ???? ( 1984 ) ? ??????? / ????? ( 1988 ) ? ??????? / ??? ( 1992 ) ? ??????? / ??? ( 1996 ) ? ??? / ?????? ( 2000 ) ? ??? / ??????? ( 2004 ) ? ????? / ????? ( 2008 ) ? ????? / ????? ( 2012 ) ? ??????? / ???? ( 2016 ) ? ????? / ????? ( 2020 )
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